9 10 3494 https://eprints.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5f10381dc9cdcce8299fb4f6ad797386.pdf fb86f00f35096aee155693f91dbabc12 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo World Bank Pension Reform Primer (n.d.), Notional Accounts: Notional Defined Contribution Plans as a Pension Reform Strategy. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPENSIONS/Resources/3954431121194657824/PRPNoteNotionalAccts.pdf (11.12.2011) www.invest.gov.tr, “Turkish Social Security System” (01.02.12) Yazici,Berna, “The Return to the Family: Welfare, State, and Politics of the Family in Turkey”,http://readperiodicals.com/201201/2592689941.html#ixzz1swIsiFRFhttp://readperio dicals.com/201201/2592689941.html#ixzz1svtHJz7Y (01.02.2012) TISK,Turkey in Figures,July 2009 TUIK,Turkiye Istatistik Yıllıgı,2011 A Critique On The Consistency Ratios Of Some Selected Articles Regarding Fuzzy Ahp And Sustainability Bülent Başaran Affiliation: Bilecik University, the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Bilecik, Turkey Abstract Consistency ratio (CR) is a very important indicator for achieving the reliability of an individual’s pairwise comparisons in Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Although the applications of fuzzy AHP need this kind of CR results as well, only a few of studies include these results. The most accepted method to calculate CR for fuzzy pairwise comparison matrices (PCMs) is to transform fuzzy numbers to crisp versions and to proceed as in the ordinary CR calculations of AHP. Triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs) are usually used to present linguistic terms of an individual’s pairwise comparisons. In this research, CRs of 242 PCMs presented with TFNs, found in 39 articles, have been calculated based on four widely used defuzzification methods. The aim of this research is to find out if the PCMs of some available articles regarding sustainability issues in literature are reliable. After CR calculations of those PCMs, it has been found that some of them are reliable while many others are not. After reviewing these findings, researchers in fuzzy AHP field are expected to give much attention to those CR issues and try to obtain PCMs that are more reliable. 318 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Keywords: fuzzy AHP, consistency ratio, sustainability, defuzzification, fuzzy numbers 1.INTRODUCTION Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), developed by Saaty (1980), is a very powerful multicriteria prioritization technique. However, its applicability is not only limited to the number of criteria but also to the consistency ratio (CR) of pairwise comparison matrices (PCMs). If the CR value of a PCM passes 0.1, it means that the matrix is not consistent and comparisons should be made again in order to have a reasonable CR value. Fuzzy AHP is developed because of the fuzzy nature of those pairwise comparisons (Chang 1996). To provide more fuzziness (according to Saaty and Tran’s ‘2007’ criticism), usually triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs) are used in pairwise comparisons. Although some kind of CR value is needed to evaluate those PCMs in fuzzy AHP as well, many of the research articles skip this evaluation. The aim of this study is to present how much the results of those researches are reliable when taking CR issues into consideration. A total of 242 PCMs, found in 39 articles, have been examined in terms of their crisp version CR values. The paper is organized as follows: first, the applications of fuzzy AHP in literature are described; second, some defuzzification methods for obtaining the crisp versions of those TFNs are explained; third, how TFNs differ in their crisp versions under different diffuzzification methods are shown; fourth, CR values of PCMs in some selected articles are evaluated. Finally, remarkable conclusions and some future directions are given. 2.FUZZY AHP AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN LITERATURE Fuzzy AHP is one of the most widely used methods in multicriteria decision making although Saaty and Tran (2007) criticizes it seriously about its fuzzifying judgments. Some applications of fuzzy AHP exist in the field of sustainability and sustainable developments. Although there are some fuzzy approaches to obtain a priority weight vector (Chang 1996, Liou and Wang 1992), Chang’s extent synthesis method is used in many fuzzy AHP studies. Among many research areas regarding sustainability and fuzzy AHP, some of them can be given as follows:         319 Supplier or firm selection: Kahraman et al. (2004), Chan et al. (2008), Efendigil et al. (2008), Lee et al. (2009), Şen et al. (2010), Chen et al. (2011), Pei et al. (2011), Aydin et al. (2012), Öztürk and Başkaya (2012). Production process selection: Talinli et al. (2010). Market selection: Deng and Molla (2008), Toksarı and Toksarı (2011). Facility location selection: Ertuğrul and Karakaşoğlu (2008), Kayikci (2010). Resource allocation: Ahari et al. (2011), Bulut et al. (2012). Personnel selection: Celik et al. (2009), Pei et al. (2011), Bulut et al. (2012). Quality issues: Kwong and Bai (2003), Büyüközkan et al. (2011), Aydin et al. (2012). Strategy prioritization: Lin et al. (2010), Chaghooshi et al. (2011). �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo   Environmental issues: Lee et al. (2009), Tseng et al. (2009), Zheng et al. (2010), Karimi et al. (2011), Wang et al. (2011). Some other managerial issues: Zheng (2011), Bulut et al. (2012). 3.DEFUZZIFICATION OF TRIANGULAR FUZZY NUMBERS A TFN can be defined by the membership function (1) (Bulut et al. 2012). 0, ( x  l ) /(m  l ),   A ( x)  1, (u  x) /(u  m),  0, x  l, l  x  m, x  m, (1) m  x  u, u  x, where l and u correspond to the lower and upper bounds of the fuzzy number Ã, respectively, and m is the midpoint. The TFN is indicated as à = (l, m, u). The methods for defuzzification of TFNs used in this study are as follows:  Weighted Mean Method: According to Kwong and Bai (2003), a TFN can be defuzzified to a crisp number by equation (2). A crisp  (l  4m  u ) 6 (2) This method has been used by some researchers for transforming TFNs to crisp versions and calculated CRs accordingly. Although equation (2) is very easy to calculate, it may cause some bias problems because of weighting. It is more appropriate for the TFNs shaping as an equilateral triangle. However, especially the reciprocals of TFNs used in fuzzy PCMs do not shape as an equilateral triangle most of the time.  Centroid Method: It is also called “center of gravity” method and is the most widely used one among other defuzzification methods. Centroid defuzzification returns the center of area under the curve as in equation (3). A crisp    ( x).xdx   ( x)dx A (3) A For TFNs as in function (1), the result of centroid method will be equal to (l + m + u)/3.  Bisector Method: The bisector is the vertical line that will divide the region into two subregions of equal area. It will be equal to m for equilateral TFNs.  Middle, Smallest, and Largest of Maximum (MOM, SOM, and LOM) Methods: Since any TFN used in a PCM has a unique maximum, the result of these three methods will be the same. Therefore, only the MOM results have been shown in this study. 320 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4.VARIATIONS IN TRIANGULAR FUZZY NUMBERS The TFNs used for importance degrees are equilateral linguistic variables except for the highest level. In some researches such as Zheng et al. (2010), Zheng (2011), Wang et al. (2011), Tseng et al. (2009), Toksarı and Toksarı (2011), Bozbura and Beskese (2007), Ahari et al. (2011), Büyüközkan et al. (2011), the highest level is also equilateral. However, in many other researches, the highest level is not equilateral. On the other hand, reciprocal values of any TFNs are not equilateral in almost every time. Because of these reasons, weighted mean method is not the best approach in many situations and researchers need to look at how some other defuzzification methods will result. Table 1 shows how crisp versions of some reciprocal TFNs can differ in terms of different defuzzification techniques. Table 1. Defuzzification of TFNs Crisp Versions Resulting from Defuzzification Methods Importance Degrees* Equally important TFNs Weighted Mean Centroid Bisector MOM (1/2, 1, 3/2) 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 Weakly more important (1, 3/2, 2) 1.5000 1.5000 1.5000 1.5000 Strongly more important (3/2, 2, 5/2) 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 (2, 5/2, 3) 2.5000 2.5000 2.5000 2.5000 (5/2, 3, 7/2) 3.0000 3.0000 3.0000 3.0000 (2/3, 1, 2) 1.1111 1.2222 1.1835 1.0000 Reciprocal of weakly more important (1/2, 2/3, 1) 0.6944 0.7222 0.7113 0.6667 Reciprocal of strongly more important (2/5, 1/2, 2/3) 0.5111 0.5222 0.5176 0.5000 Reciprocal of very strongly more important (1/3, 2/5, 1/2) 0.4056 0.4111 0.4087 0.4000 Reciprocal of absolutely more important (2/7, 1/3, 2/5) 0.3365 0.3397 0.3383 0.3333 Very strongly more important Absolutely more important Reciprocals Reciprocal of equally important Notes: * These can be found in Zheng et al. (2010), Zheng (2011), Wang et al. (2011), Tseng et al. (2009), Toksarı and Toksarı (2011), Bozbura and Beskese (2007). 5.EVALUATIONS OF SOME SELECTED ARTICLES A total of 39 articles regarding fuzzy AHP and sustainability have been taken from the literature. There are 242 PCMs developed with TFNs in those articles. A MATLAB m_file has been coded to compute all of those PCMs’ CRs according to above mentioned four defuzzification methods. Table 2 shows just two of those articles’ calculation results. It is not 321 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo possible to show all CR values for all PCMs in this space limited study. On the other hand, the articles and their number of PCMs that have CR values above 0.1 are shown in Table 3. Table 2. Some examples of exact CR calculation results CR Values based on The Following Methods Articles Chen et al. (2011) Lee et al. (2009) PCMs Presented with TFNs Weighted (Matrix No.) Mean Centroid Bisector MOM 1 0.0432 0.0771 0.0637 0.0089 2 0.0965 0.1655 0.1464 0.0176 3 0.1566 0.1826 0.1724 0.1304 4 0.3750 0.3950 0.3878 0.3533 1 0.0761 0.0988 0.0912 0.0526 2 0.1573 0.2216 0.2006 0.0910 Table 3. CR results of matrices in literature Number of PCMs whose Crisp Versions Have a CR above 0.1 based on The Following Defuzzification Methods Number of PCMs Articles Presented with TFNs Weighted Mean Centroid Bisector MOM Ahari et al. (2011) 2 - 1 1 - Aydin et al. (2012) 1 1 1 1 1 Bulut et al. (2012)* 25 14 19 19 3 Büyüközkan et al. (2011)* 26 - 2 1 - Celik et al. (2009) 6 4 4 4 2 Chaghooshi et al. (2011)* 4 1 2 1 - Chan et al. (2008) 8 1 1 1 1 Chen et al. (2011) 4 2 3 3 2 Deng and Molla (2008) 5 5 5 5 4 Efendigil et al. (2008) 1 1 1 1 1 322 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ertuğrul and Karakaşoğlu (2008) 6 6 6 6 6 Kahraman et al. (2004) 15 9 10 9 9 Karimi et al. (2011) 5 1 1 1 1 Kayikci (2010) 1 1 1 1 1 Kwong and Bai (2003)* 9 2 3 3 - Lee et al. (2009)* 2 1 1 1 - Lee et al. (2011)* 5 2 3 3 2 Lin et al. (2010) 6 5 6 6 - Öztürk and Başkaya (2012)* 19 7 14 11 - Pei et al. (2011) 21 18 20 20 9 Şen et al. (2010) 4 - 2 1 - Talinli et al. (2010) 1 1 1 1 1 Toksarı and Toksarı (2011) 8 5 5 5 5 Tseng et al. (2009)* 5 3 3 3 3 Wang et al. (2011) 4 1 1 1 - Zheng (2011) 3 - 2 1 - Zheng et al. (2010) 7 - 1 - - Notes: * Some CRs or related explanations are presented inside the article. 6.CONCLUTIONS Many researchers continue to use fuzzy AHP without any explanation and calculation about CRs of PCMs used in their studies. Although the methods and applications submitted in their researches give valuable contributions to literature, violation of the CR limit may decrease the reliability of their currently published articles. In this study, after a broad review of literature, 242 PCMs in 39 articles have been examined. The TFNs have been transformed into their crisp versions via four different defuzzification methods and the CRs of those PCMs have been calculated as in the ordinary AHP. The results have shown that many of those PCMs violated the 0.1 upper-limit under some defuzzification methods while they did not violate this limit under some others. Because of this reason, researchers in fuzzy AHP field need to pay much attention to the CR issues for their PCMs. More researches are needed to formulate a more suitable CR for fuzzy AHP applications. REFERENCES 323 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ahari, S.G., Ghaffari-Nasab, N., Makui, A. and Ghodsypour, S. H. (2011) A Portfolio Selection Using Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process: A Case Study of Iranian Pharmaceutical Industry, International Journal of Industrial Engineering Computations, 2, 225-236. Aydin, S., Kahraman, C. and Kaya, İ. (2012) A New Fuzzy Multicriteria decision Making Approach: An Application for European Quality Award Assessment, KnowledgeBased Systems, Article in Press. Büyüközkan, G., Çiftçi, G. and Güleryüz, S. (2011) Strategic Analysis of Healthcare Service Quality Using Fuzzy AHP Methodology, Expert Systems with Applications, 38, 94079424. Bozbura, F.T. and Beskese, A. (2007) Prioritization of Organizational Capital Measurement Indicators Using Fuzzy AHP, International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, 44, 124-147. Bulut, E., Duru, O., Keçeci, T. and Yoshida, S. (2012) Use of Consistency Index, Expert Prioritization and Direct Numerical Inputs for Generic Fuzzy-AHP Modeling: A Process Model for Shipping Asset Management, Expert Systems with Applications, 39, 1911-1923. Celik, M., Kandakoglu, A. and Er, I.D. (2009) Structuring Fuzzy Integrated Multi-Stages Evaluation Model on Academic Personnel Recruitment in MET Institutions, Expert Systems with Applications, 36, 6918-6927. Chaghooshi, A.J., Fathi, M.R., Omidian, A. and Zarchi, M.K. (2011) Integration of FPM, Fuzzy AHP and ANP Methods in Formulation of Software Industry Strategy (Case Study: System Group Company), Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(9), 1232-1247. Chan, F.T.S., Kumar, N., Tivari, M.K., Lau, H.C.W. and Choy, K.L. (2008) Global Supplier Selection: A Fuzzy-AHP Approach, International Journal of Production Research, 46(14), 3825-3857. Chang, D.Y. (1996) Applications of the extent analysis method of fuzzy AHP, European Journal of Operational Research, 95(3), 649-655. Chen, S., Jian, T. and Yang, H. (2011) A Fuzzy AHP Approach for Evaluating Customer Value for B2C Companies, Journal of Computers, 6(2), 224-231. Deng, H. and Molla, A. (2008) Multicriteria Analysis for Evaluating and Selecting E-Markets in Business-to-Business E-Business, International MultiConference of Engineers & Computer Scientists 2008, 870-877. Efendigil, T., Önüt, S. and Kongar, E. (2008) A Holistic Approach for Selecting a Third-Party Reverse Logistics Provider in the Presence of Vagueness, Computers & Industrial Engineering, 54, 269-287. 324 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ertuğrul, İ. and Karakaşoğlu, N. (2008) Comparison of Fuzzy AHP and Fuzzy TOPSIS Methods for Facility Location Selection, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 39, 783-795. Kahraman, C., Cebeci, U. and Raun, D. (2004) Multi-attribute Comparison of Catering Service Companies Using Fuzzy AHP: The Case of Turkey, International Journal of Production Economics, 87, 171-184. Karimi, A.R., Mehrdadi, N., Hashemian, S.J., Nabi-Bidhendi, Gh.R. and TavakkoliMoghaddam, R. (2011) Using of the Fuzzy TOPSIS and Fuzzy AHP Methods for Wastewater Treatment Process Selection, International Journal of Academic Research, 3(1), 737-745. Kayikci, Y. (2010) A Conceptual Model for Intermodal Freight Logistics Centre Location Decisions, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2, 6297-6311. Kwong, C.K. and Bai, H. (2003) Determining the Importance Weights for the Customer Requirements in QFD Using a Fuzzy AHP with an Extent Analysis Approach, IIE Transactions, 35, 616-626. Lee, A.H.I., Kang, H-Y., Hsu, C-F. and Hung, H-C. (2009) A Green Supplier Selection Model for High-Tech Industry, Expert Systems with Applications, 36, 7917-7927. Lee, C-C., Tzeng, G-H. and Chiang, C. (2011) Determining Service Quality measurement Key Indicators in a Travel Website Using a Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process, International Journal of Electronic Business Management, 9(4), 322-333. Lin, C-T., Lee, C. and Wu, C-S. (2010) Fuzzy Group Decision Making in Pursuit of a Competitive Marketing Strategy, International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making, 9(2), 281-300. Liou, T.S. and Wang, M.J. (1992) Ranking Fuzzy Numbers with Integral Value, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 50, 247-255. Öztürk, B.A. and Başkaya, Z. (2012) Bulanık Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci ile Bir Ekmek Fabrikasında Un Tedarikçisinin Seçimi, Business and Economics Research Journal, 3(1), 131-159. Pei, W., Liao, H-F. and Tan, B-L. (2011) A Revised Model of Fuzzy Extended AHP", International Journal of Organizational Innovation, 4(1), 27-44. Saaty, T.L. (1980) The Analytic Hierarchy Process, McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, NY. Saaty, T.L. and Tran, L.T. (2007) On the Invalidity of Fuzzifying Numerical Judgments in the Analytic Hierarchy Process, Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 46, 962-975. Şen, C.G., Şen, S. and Başlıgil, H. (2010) Pre-Selection of Suppliers Through an Integrated Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process and Max-Min Methodology, International Journal of Production Research, 48(6), 1603-1625. 325 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Talinli, I., Topuz, E. and Akbay, M.U. (2010) Comparative Analysis for Energy Production Processes (EPPs): Sustainable Energy Futures for Turkey, Energy Policy, 38, 44794488. Toksarı, M. and Toksarı, M.D. (2011) Bulanık Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi (AHP) Yaklaşımı Kullanılarak Hedef Pazarın Belirlenmesi, ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 38, 51-70. Tseng, M-L., Lin, Y-H. and Chiu, A.S.F. (2009) Fuzzy AHP-Based Study of Cleaner Production Implementation in Taiwan PWB Manufacturer, Journal of Cleaner Production, 17, 1249-1256. Wang, L., Xu, L. and Song, H. (2011) Environmental Performance Evaluation of Beijing's Energy Use Planning, Energy Policy, 39, 3483-3495. Zheng, G., Jing, Y., Huang, H., Shi, G. and Zhang, X. (2010) Developing a Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchical Process Model for Building Energy Conservation Assessment, Renewable Energy, 35, 78-87. Zheng, J. (2011) Enterprise Knowledge Management Application Evaluation Based on Cloud Gravity Center Model and Fuzzy Extended AHP, Journal of Computers, 6(6), 11101116. Using Artificial Neural Networks To Forecast Gdp For Turkey Karaatli Meltem, Göçmen Yağcilar Gamze, Karacadal Hüseyin, Sezer Fırat Suleyman Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey E-mails: meltemkaraatli@sdu.edu.tr,gamzeyagcilar@sdu.edu.tr, huseyin_karacadal@hotmail.com,cihangir_07_@hotmail.com Abstract Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is a system resembling biological neural systems and uses working principles of human brain as a base. ANN can be applied in various fields for the purposes of forecasting, classification, optimization, data binding and so on. ANN has been frequently used in financial applications in recent years. In this study, ANN is used in forecasting Gross Domestic Product of Turkey. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) refers to the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. GDP can be thought as the size of an economy and it is the foremost important measure of macroeconomic performance of a country, a country’s health and standard of living. Therefore, expectations about future GDP can be the primary determinant of investments, employment, wages, profits and even stock market activities. With respect to its economic 326 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1128 Title A name given to the resource A Critique On The Consistency Ratios Of Some Selected Articles Regarding Fuzzy Ahp And Sustainability Author Author Bülent, Başaran Abstract A summary of the resource. Consistency ratio (CR) is a very important indicator for achieving the reliability of an individual’s pairwise comparisons in Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Although the applications of fuzzy AHP need this kind of CR results as well, only a few of studies include these results. The most accepted method to calculate CR for fuzzy pairwise comparison matrices (PCMs) is to transform fuzzy numbers to crisp versions and to proceed as in the ordinary CR calculations of AHP. Triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs) are usually used to present linguistic terms of an individual’s pairwise comparisons. In this research, CRs of 242 PCMs presented with TFNs, found in 39 articles, have been calculated based on four widely used defuzzification methods. The aim of this research is to find out if the PCMs of some available articles regarding sustainability issues in literature are reliable. After CR calculations of those PCMs, it has been found that some of them are reliable while many others are not. After reviewing these findings, researchers in fuzzy AHP field are expected to give much attention to those CR issues and try to obtain PCMs that are more reliable.Keywords: fuzzy AHP, consistency ratio, sustainability, defuzzification, fuzzy numbers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://eprints.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c00d1bec9f790ec751f53a274251c07d.pdf b4fea09b89dce1de46cca819c182ab58 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Leak of professional business environment in state owned companies Leak of change management (Change management not consider as important) We hope that this paper will be useful in further ERP implementations and ERP research. A Cross – Sectional Analysis of Environmetal Sustainability Practices Toksari Murat1, Uçan Okyay2 1Nigde University, Department of Business, 2Nigde University, Department of Economics, E-mails: mtoksari@nigde.edu.tr, okyayu@hotmail.com Abstract In 1970s and 1980s the concept of sustainability developed as a process of protection for the elements that social, economic and eceological systems need. During the Environment and Development Summit held in 1992, decisions were made about the works to protect and improve the environmental sustainability with the help of objective policies. By revealing sustainability specifically focuses on the social, economic and ecological target, Brountland report states that meeting Socia-Economic needs is limited to the carrying capacity of ecosystem. Environmental sustainability is divided into three categories. They are resource management, energy management and product sustainability. While, solid waste and water conservation compose the resource managament, energy managament includes energy conservation, renewable energy, GHG emission reduction, energy sufficient. Finally, product sustainability involves product transportation, supply chain audit, product stewardship and Life Cycle Program. In this context, environmental sustainability index and environmental performance index were prepared by the universities of Yale and Colombia. With environmental sustainability index, it is intented to reach perfection in the current and future environmental qualities of the countries. This index, is a tool when aiming to be qualified and is an important mechanism for testing the environmental performance. As for environmental performance index, it has been developed by using result-oriented indicators. 140 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In this study, the countries whose performances enter the scope of the environmental performance index were compared, 142 countries in 2002 and 146 countries in 2005 were included in this index. Keywords: Sustainability, environmental performance index, environmental sustainability index, Turkey 1.INTRODUCTION Dictionary meaning of the concept of sustainable is “today's needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs met unless otherwise indicated”. The concept of sustainability in the final report in 1987 by the United Nations Commission on Environment and Development is defined as follows: "Humanity, without compromising the ability to respond to the needs of future generations, by providing the daily needs, has the ability to make development sustainable”. The term “sustainability” was coined by the United Nations appointed Brundland Commission and later refined by the UN Commission on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro (Blackburn, 2007). The best – known definition of sustainability, as established by the UN Commission on Environment and Development, states that “development is sustainable where it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (WCED, 1987). The concept of sustainability on different topics in the discipline of economic stability, debt sustainability in order to be able to express the ability of being able to continue, such as sustainable growth around the macro-economic definitions are used extensively. However, the concept of sustainability in all areas, especially in the field of economics Brundland by the World Commission on Environment and Development Report, has expanded the definition of sustainable development. Since the 1980s, the development of international environmental discussions of sustainable development, applied science, environmental and international policy areas examined as a multi-faceted concept that has become the focal point of development strategies (Carvalho, 2001: 62; Bakırtaş ve Bakırtaş, 2007: 223). Sustainable Development, briefly, to meet the demands and needs of future generations without restricting the ability and facilities, can be expressed as the present needs are met. This defines the extent of development mentioned above, under six headings summaries spreadable. These are can be expressed as the environment, the future, quality of life, justice, precautionary principles, and holistic thinking. In addition, there are 3 141 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo dimensions of the sustainability of the development which are indisputable and can not distinguish between each other (Arzu Özyol, http://hydra.com.tr/uploads/kutup9.pdf): Social Dimension: Continuing education for the public "quality of life will provide increasing benefits for themselves and the whole of the next generations, The Economic Dimension: Due to limited resources, these resources can improve people's quality of life and how the fairest way to determine what is the most effective way to distribute The Environmental Dimension: Recycled or not, the use of any determination as to ensure the continuity of natural resource In this context, one of the dimensions of the environmental dimension of sustainable development for environmental sustainability are discussed for the first time in the capital of Brazil, Rio De Janeiro on Environment and Development Summit held in 1992. In this summit, the objective of environmental sustainability is necessary for the protection and development policies, concluded that the aid. The most important work in this area of Environmental Sustainability Index (CSI) 's prepared. This index is prepared jointly by Yale University and Columbia University. Index has 21 indicators is entegrated to 76 data. This 21 quality indicators provide to compare five different subjects: the peripheral system, stress levels of this system, the human population sensitivity to environmental degradation, environmental stress and institutional capacity and global resposibility (Global Leaders, 2001:9). The paper organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the theoretical background. Section 3 summarizes the literature.The methodology is presented in Section 4. The overall conclusion and result are in the final section. 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Although sustainability is important for ensuring the future Quality of the global environment, it can also be viewed as a business opportunity, an investment in the future and a pathway to innovation and creative thinking (Satterfield et al. 2009; Hontou et al. 2006; Cowan et al. 2010). Today business, now more sensitivity towards environmental activities as a cost item or to see the threat of competition as an oppurtunity rather than one have to see (Lee et al., 2006: 292). For this reason, environmental innovation can be stated as environmental risk education or more generally as a contribution to sustainable development goals, new ideas, attitudias, development and implemntation of products and process (Rennizgs, 2000: 322). Environmental product innovation in the production and even the destruction of the product until they begin to become waste throughout the product life cycle to eliminate or reduce the 142 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo negative effects on the environment includes the innovative activities (Büyükkeklik et al., 2010: 375). 3. LITERATURE Author Method Result Robert Goodland 1996 and Herman Daly Distinguishing development from sustainability and from growth, the paper describes the concept of natural capital and uses the concept to present four alternative definitions of environmental sustainability. The final section describes how one large development agency, the World Bank, is endeavoring to incorporate these new principle into its operaions. Gregory Theyel 2000 There are discernible differences in the enviromental innovation and performance of US chemical firms that can be explained by differences in the management practices and characteristics of the firms. Firms in the chemical industry and in other industries can learn from the leading firms in this research. Firms that do mak environmental management part of production management are likely to be leaders in innovation for pollution prevention and environmental performance. Smita B. 2003 Brunnermeier and Mark A. Cohen Panel data models to study how environmental sustainability by Us manufacturing ındustries responded to changes in pollution abadement expenditures and regulatory enforcement during the period 1983 through 1992. Environmental innovation responded to increases in pollution abatement expenditures. Also find some emprical evidence that environmental innovation is more likely to occur in industries that are internationally competitive. Sergio et. al. This paper anayses and discusses the potentional role of evolutionary theories in environmental innovation with emphasis on sustainability. The study concludes that eco – evolution is efficient when identifying non – optimal technological trajectories and sustainable options for innovation on the base of existent knowledge. 143 Year 2003 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Allen S. Bellas 2007 and Nancy F. Nentl Following their introduction in the mid 1970s, fabric filters, a new type of industrial scrubber, experineced aggressive growth, and by 1990, this new technology (EIA) form 767, using t tests, cross tabulations and binominal regression to identify the characteistics of those boilers, plants and utilities that installed fabric filters from the alte 1970s to 1990. David Hillier An opinion piece, that presents the view of There are those who believe four authors on the current state of the that marketing and depate in this field. sustainability simply be reconciled, while there are others who argue that marketing can contribute to the development of sustainable consumption. 2008 Dallas M. Cowan 2010 Et. Al. Benchmark analysis, They have collected information on the sustainability programs of the largest US companies in each of the 26 industrial sectors. Anslysis indicates that there are spesific characteristics of early adopters of fabric filter techonology such as the capacity and age of the associates boiler, the capacity and size of the utility, and whether the utility was privately or publicly owned. Thes have called product sustainability one in which toxicologist and environmental scientist can play a vital role helping to ensure that a manufactured item will indeed be considered acceptable for distrubition now 4. METHODOLOGY Environmental Sustainability Index was developed for monitoring of environmental sustainability covering natural resources, past and present pollution levels, environmental management efforts, contributions and society for the protection of the global values. This index defines the sustainability of countries' capacity to improve the existing environmental quality (Yıkmaz, 2011: 73). Variables to allow comparisons between countries in the index, percent change is usually determined. Some of them are diveded by GDP, imports of goods and services, to get avarage values. After getting the proper comparison of variables, for the missing data, forecasting and 144 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo consolidation various transformations is applied to perform. In the first stage variables were examined for normally distribution. 2 stage way is used for the skewness problems. If the value is larger than 2 variables are taken in natural logarithm. Next, if they are larger than 4 after the transformation .They all transformed to old values except the variables that have larger than 4. Since at the normal distribution, observations are distributed symmetrically around mean value of skew is zero(0). Statistical methods to estimate the missing data (Markov ChainMonte Carlo simulation model) were applied. However, some variables, the index of ecological and geographical factors are not within the scope of work because of missing data could not be estimated. The results of distributions are truncated by "Winsorization" technique in order to prevent skewness because of the extreme values of the data. Priorities of the indicators vary by country, generally acceptable weights for the indicators is not known, equal weight was applied. Indicators are equally weighted variables in the form of the firms themselves. Preserves the relative locations of receiving countries in order to avoid differences in the scale of the z-scores were calculated. High values for the variables expressed in a high zscores of environmental sustainability; (variable value-mean value) / standard deviation of the variables that environmental sustainability is for high-low values, (average of the variable-variable value) / standard deviation was calculated using the formula (WEF, 2005). 5. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION It’s emphasized that when Environmental Sustainability Index score is high, it’s more likely to leave a healthier environment to the future generations. Upon looking into the results of the index,it’s seen that none of the countries received high scores from 21 indicators. The results of the Environmental Sustainability Index show that, environmental performance is closely related to ,low population density, good governance the economic vitality (WEF, 2005). Table 1. Countries in the years 2002 and 2005 Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) Performance Comparison Chart Country ESI 2002 ESI 2002 ESI 2005 ESI 2005 ESI Point ESI as the Ranking Ranking Difference Difference Finland 73,9 145 1 75,1 1 1,2 0 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Norway 73 2 73,4 2 0,4 0 Uruguay 66 6 71,8 3 5,8 3 Sweden 72,6 3 71,7 4 -0,9 -1 Iceland 63,9 8 70,8 5 6,9 3 Canada 70,6 4 64,4 6 -6,2 -2 Switzerland 66,5 5 63,7 7 -2,8 -2 Guyana - - 62,9 8 - - Austria 64,2 7 62,7 9 -1,5 -2 Argentina 61,5 15 62,7 10 1,2 5 Brazil 59,6 20 62,2 11 2,6 9 Gabon 54,9 36 61,7 12 6,8 24 Australia 60,3 16 61 13 0,7 3 New Zealand 59,9 19 61 14 1,1 5 Latvia 63 10 60,4 15 -2,6 -5 Peru 56,5 29 60,4 16 3,9 13 Paraguay 57,8 25 59,7 17 1,9 8 Costa Rica 63,2 9 59,6 18 -3,6 -9 Croatia 62,5 12 59,5 19 -3 -7 Bolivia 59,4 21 59,5 20 0,1 1 Irelan 54,8 38 59,2 21 4,4 17 Colombia 59,1 22 58,9 22 -0,2 0 146 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Lithuania 57,2 27 58,9 23 1,7 4 Alabania 57,9 24 58,8 24 0,9 0 Central African Republic 54,1 43 58,7 25 4,6 18 Estonia 60 17 58,2 26 -1,8 -9 Denmark 56,2 31 58,2 27 2 4 Panama 60 18 57,7 28 -2,3 -10 Slovenia 58,8 23 57,5 29 -1,3 -6 Japan 48,6 78 57,3 30 8,7 48 Germany 52,5 50 57 31 4,5 19 Namibia 57,4 26 56,8 32 -0,6 -6 Russia 49,1 73 56,1 33 7 40 Bostwana 61,8 13 55,9 34 -5,9 -21 France 55,5 33 55,2 35 -0,3 -2 Papua New 51,8 Guinea 52 55,2 36 3,4 16 Portugal 57,1 28 54,2 37 -2,9 -9 Malaysia 49,5 68 54 38 4,5 30 Congo 54,3 40 53,8 39 -0,5 1 Netherlands 55,4 34 53,7 40 -1,7 -6 Mali 47,1 85 53,7 41 6,6 44 Chile 55,1 35 53,6 42 -1,5 -7 147 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Bhutan 56,3 30 53,5 43 -2,8 -13 Armenia 54,8 37 53,2 44 -1,6 -7 Unites States 53,2 45 53 45 -0,2 0 Slovakia 61,6 14 52,8 46 -8,8 -32 Belarus 52,8 49 52,8 47 0 2 Ghana 50,2 65 52,8 48 2,6 17 Myanmar 46,2 90 52,8 49 6,6 41 Laos 45,9 92 52,5 50 6,6 42 Ecuadar 56,2 32 52,4 51 -3,8 -19 Cuba 51,2 58 52,3 53 1,1 5 Hungary 62,7 11 52 54 -10,7 -43 Tunisia 50,8 61 51,8 55 1 6 Georgia - - 51,5 56 - - Uganda 48,7 77 51,3 57 2,6 20 Moldova 54,5 39 51,2 58 -3,3 -19 Zambia 49,5 69 51,1 59 1,6 10 Senegal 47,6 81 51,1 60 3,5 21 Bosnia51,3 Hezzegovina 55 51 61 -0,3 -6 Israel 50,4 63 50,9 62 0,5 1 Tanzania 48,1 80 50,3 63 2,2 17 Nicaragua 51,8 51 50,2 64 -1,6 -13 148 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 46,1 91 50,2 65 4,1 26 Madagascar 38,8 128 50,2 66 11,4 62 Greece 50,9 60 50,1 67 -0,8 -7 Italy 47,2 83 50,1 68 2,9 15 Cambodia 45,6 97 50,1 69 4,5 28 Mongolia 54,2 42 50 70 -4,2 -28 Bulgaria 49,3 71 50 71 0,7 0 Gambia 44,7 102 50 72 5,3 30 Thailand 51,6 54 49,8 73 -1,8 -19 Malawi 47,3 82 49,3 74 2 8 Spain 54,1 44 48,8 75 -5,3 -3,1 Indonesia 45,1 100 48,8 76 3,7 24 Kazakhstan 46,5 88 48,6 77 2,1 11 Guenia Bissau 38,8 127 48,6 78 9,8 49 Sri Lanka 51,3 57 48,5 79 -2,8 -22 Kyrgyzstan 51,3 56 48,4 80 -2,9 -24 Venezuela 53 48 48,1 81 -4,9 -33 Guinea 45,3 98 48,1 82 2,8 16 Oman 40,2 120 47,9 83 7,7 37 Jordan 51,7 53 47,8 84 -3,9 -31 Combined Kingdom 149 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Nepal 45,2 99 47,7 85 2,5 14 Benin 45,7 94 47,5 86 1,8 8 Honduras 53,1 47 47,4 87 -5,7 -40 Serbia and Montenegro - 47,3 88 - -88 Canary Islands - - 47,3 89 - - Macedonia 47,2 84 47,2 90 0 -6 Turkey 50,8 62 46,6 91 -4,2 -29 Czech Republic 50,2 64 46,6 92 -3,6 -28 Romenia 50 66 46,2 93 -3,8 -27 South Africa 48,7 76 46,2 94 -2,5 -18 Mexico 45,9 93 46,2 95 0,3 -2 Algeria 49,4 70 46 96 -3,4 -26 Burkina Faso 45 101 45,7 97 0,7 4 Azerbaijan 41,8 113 45,4 98 3,6 15 Nigeria 36,7 133 45,4 99 8,7 34 Kenya 46,3 89 45,3 100 -1 -11 India 41,6 116 45,2 101 3,6 15 Poland 46,7 87 45 102 -1,7 -15 Chad 45,7 95 45 103 -0,7 8 Niger 39,4 123 45 104 5,6 19 150 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Mozambique 51,1 59 44,8 105 -6,3 -46 Morocco 49,1 72 44,8 106 -4,3 -34 Rwanda 40,6 119 44,8 107 4,2 12 Jamaica 40,1 121 44,7 108 4,6 13 Ukraine 35 136 44,7 109 9,7 27 United Arab 25,7 Emirates 141 44,6 110 18,9 31 Togo 44,3 105 44,5 111 0,2 -6 Belgium 39,1 125 44,4 112 5,3 13 Bangladesh 46,9 86 44,1 113 -2,8 -27 Democratic 43,3 Republic of Congo 109 44,1 114 0,8 -5 Guetemala 49,6 67 44 115 -5,6 -48 Egyptian 48,8 74 44 116 -4,8 -42 El Salvador 48,7 75 43,8 117 -4,9 -42 Syria 43,6 107 43,8 118 0,2 -11 Deminic Republic 48,4 79 43,7 119 -4,7 -40 Liberia 37,7 130 43,4 120 5,7 10 Sierra Leone 36,5 134 43,4 121 6,9 13 South Korea 35,9 135 43 122 7,1 13 Angola 42,4 110 42,9 123 0,5 -13 Resource: WEF 2005 151 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 142 countries in 2002 and 146 countries in 2005 were evaluated from the aspect of country index. All the countries except Guayana, Georgia, Ivory Coasts and Somalia were both in 2002 and 2005 country index. In the table given the index average of all countries in 2002 was 49,7 and 49,9 in 2005. But when 2002 and 2005 index values are compared, a decrease in most of the countries has been seen. This situation indicates that environmental sustainability has decreased or it may be because of the difference in two years indicators. However, significant changes in country rankings can be observed. For example, Madagascar ascends from being 128th to 66th , Japan from 78th to the 30th, Mali from 85th to 41st , Russia from 73rd to 33rd , Malaysia from 68th to the 38th order , but Zimbabwe descends from being 46th to 128th, Guatemala from 67th to 115th , Egypt from 74th to 116th, and Hungary from 11th to 54th. Turkey has 50,8 points in 2002 Index with an order of 62. In 2005 Turkey has 46,6 points and descends to the 91th order. Turkey is over the avarage in 2002 while it is under the avarage in 2005. In this study we try to compare the two Environmental Sustainability Index in 2002 and 2005 for the world countries. This situation shows the index is very sensitive to the choice of indicator. Low-scoring countries in 2002 are Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, North Korea, Iraq and Saudi Arabia, while in the 2005 study, North Korea, Iraq, Taiwan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, countries receive the lowest score The highest rated 5 countries in the 2002 Environmental Sustainability Index are: Finland, Norway, Sweden, Canada, Switzerland, while in 2005 they are: Finland, Norway, Uruguay, Sweden and Iceland. Common features of these countries have significant natural resources and population density is low. REFERENCES Bakırtas, İbrahim and Hülya Bakırtaş (2007), Sustainability of Competitive of Firms as A source of Basic Skills: A General Evaluation, Journal of Management and Economics, Vol.14, No.2, pp. 221-233. Bellas S. Allen and Nancy F. Nentl (2007), Adoption of Environmetal Innovations at US Power Plants, Journal of Business & Indusrial Marketing, Vol.22, No. 5, pp. 336-341. Blackburn, W.R. (2007), The Sustainability Handbook: The Complete Management Guide to Achieving Social, Economic and Environmental Responsibility Earthscan, Washington, DC. Brunnermeier B. Smita and Mark A. Cohen (2003), Determinants of Environmental Innovation in Us Manufacturing Industries, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Vol. 45, pp. 278-293. Buyukkeklık, Arzum, Murat Toksarı, Hasan Bülbül (2010), An Investigation on Environmental Sensitivity and Innovativeness, Süleyman Demirel University the Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Vol. 15, No.3, pp. 373-393. 152 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Cowan M. Dallas, Pamela Doport, Tyler Ferracini, Jennifer Sahmel, Kimberly Merryman, Shannon Gaffney, Dennis J. Paustenbach (2010), A Cross- Sectional Analysis of Reported Corporate Environmental Sustainability Practices, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Vol. 58, pp. 524-538. Global Leaders (2001), Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, World Economic Forum 2001, Davos, Switzerland. Goodland Robert and Herman Daly (1996), Environmental Sustainability: Universal and Non Negotiable, Ecological Applications, Vol. 6 , No.4, pp.1002-1017. Hontou, V., D. Diakoulaki, L.Papagiannakis (2006), A Multicriterion Classsification Approach for Assesing the Impact of Environmental Policies on the Competitiveness of Firms, Corp. Soc. Respons. Environ. Manage, Vol. 14, pp. 28-41. Jofre, Sergio, Kiyotaka Tsunemi, Tohru Moriaka (2003), A New Eco – Design Strategy to Assess Sustainable Environmental Innovations, Third International Symposium on Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing, Tokyo, Japan, December 811. Jones, Peter, Colin Clarke-Hill, Daphne Comfort, David Hillier (2008), Marketing and Sustainability, Marketing Intelligence & Planning Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 123-130. Lee, J.J., T.K. Gemba, F. Kodoma (2006), Analyzing the Innovation Process for Environmental Performance Improvement, Technological Forecasting & Social Change, Vol. 73, pp. 290-301. Ozyol, Arzu (http://hydra.com.tr/uploads/kutup9.pdf). Rennings, K. (2000), Redefining Innovation – eco-innovation Research and the Contribution from Ecological Economics, Ecological Economics, Vol. 32, pp. 319-332. Satterfiled M.B., C.E. Kolb, R. Peoples, G.L. Adams, D.S. Schuster, H.C. Ramsey, E. Stechel, F. Wood-Black, R.J. Garant, M.A. Abraham (2009), Overcoming Nontechinal Barriers to the Implementation of Sustainable Solutions in Industry, Environ.Sci. Technol., Vol. 43, pp. 4221-4226 . Theyel Gregory (2000), Management Practices for Environmental Innovation and Performance, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 249-266. Yıkmaz R. Fikret (2011), Measuring the Sustainability of Development and Improvement of Methods for Turkey, T.C. Prime Ministry State Planning Organization, Publication No. 2820, Ankara, Turkey. WCED (World Commission on Environment and Development) (1987), Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future, Item 83, 42nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly. 153 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo WEF (2005), World Economic Form, Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policiy and Center For International Earth Science Information Network, Environmental Sustainability Index: Bencmarking National Environmental Stewardship, http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/es/esi/esı2005 (23.04.2012). Utilising Information Systems for Measuring Impact on Social Sustainability: Survey of Microcredit Organisations in Bosnia and Herzegovina Alica Pandzo1, Kemal Taljanovic1, Selma Jahic2 1University Sarajevo School of Science and Technology Department of Information Systems Bistrik 7, 71000 Sarajevo,Bosnia and Herzegovina 2Executive Director for Credit Operations Microcredit Foundation Partner 15. Maja bb, Trzni Centar Sjenjak, 75000 Tuzla,Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mails: alica.pandzo@ssst.edu.ba,selma@partner.ba Abstract Microfinance has been used as a tool for social sustainability and development since the 1970s. In microfinance, assessment of social sustainability is often conducted through client impact monitoring. This study explores the impact measurement practices of microcredit organisations in Bosnia and Herzegovina and their use of information systems in this process. We draw on the latest trends of using shared measurement systems for impact monitoring, to point out the potential of using such systems to achieve sustainable impact on wider social issues in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This paper outlines the roles and responsibilities that different stakeholders should play in the system development process. Keywords: microfinance, microcredit, Bosnia and Herzegovina, social impact, information systems, ICT, shared measurement systems. 154 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1163 Title A name given to the resource A Cross – Sectional Analysis of Environmetal Sustainability Practices Author Author Toksari , Murat Abstract A summary of the resource. In 1970s and 1980s the concept of sustainability developed as a process of protection for the elements that social, economic and eceological systems need. During the Environment and Development Summit held in 1992, decisions were made about the works to protect and improve the environmental sustainability with the help of objective policies. By revealing sustainability specifically focuses on the social, economic and ecological target, Brountland report states that meeting Socia-Economic needs is limited to the carrying capacity of ecosystem. Environmental sustainability is divided into three categories. They are resource management, energy management and product sustainability. While, solid waste and water conservation compose the resource managament, energy managament includes energy conservation, renewable energy, GHG emission reduction, energy sufficient. Finally, product sustainability involves product transportation, supply chain audit, product stewardship and Life Cycle Program. In this context, environmental sustainability index and environmental performance index were prepared by the universities of Yale and Colombia. With environmental sustainability index, it is intented to reach perfection in the current and future environmental qualities of the countries. This index, is a tool when aiming to be qualified and is an important mechanism for testing the environmental performance. As for environmental performance index, it has been developed by using result-oriented indicators. In this study, the countries whose performances enter the scope of the environmental performance index were compared, 142 countries in 2002 and 146 countries in 2005 were included in this index. Keywords: Sustainability, environmental performance index, environmental sustainability index, Turkey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://eprints.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/deba1e2cf599652dbb1fbddcd925e992.pdf 3e906aa2fe0f0492a3db0c8dc92e344f PDF Text Text A Cross – Sectional Analysis of Environmetal Sustainability Practices Toksari Murat1, Uçan Okyay2 1Nigde University, Department of Business, 2Nigde University, Department of Economics E –mails: mtoksari@nigde.edu.tr, okyayu@hotmail.com Abstract In 1970s and 1980s the concept of sustainability developed as a process of protection for the elements that social, economic and eceological systems need. During the Environment and Development Summit held in 1992, decisions were made about the works to protect and improve the environmental sustainability with the help of objective policies. By revealing sustainability specifically focuses on the social, economic and ecological target, Brountland report states that meeting Socia-Economic needs is limited to the carrying capacity of ecosystem. Environmental sustainability is divided into three categories. They are resource management, energy management and product sustainability. While, solid waste and water conservation compose the resource managament, energy managament includes energy conservation, renewable energy, GHG emission reduction, energy sufficient. Finally, product sustainability involves product transportation, supply chain audit, product stewardship and Life Cycle Program. In this context, environmental sustainability index and environmental performance index were prepared by the universities of Yale and Colombia. With environmental sustainability index, it is intented to reach perfection in the current and future environmental qualities of the countries. This index, is a tool when aiming to be qualified and is an important mechanism for testing the environmental performance. As for environmental performance index, it has been developed by using result-oriented indicators. In this study, the countries whose performances enter the scope of the environmental performance index were compared, 149 countries in 2008 and 163 countries in 2010 were included in this index. Keywords: Sustainability, environmental performance index, environmental sustainability index, Turkey 454 �1.INTRODUCTION Dictionary meaning of the concept of sustainable is “today's needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs met unless otherwise indicated”. The concept of sustainability in the final report in 1987 by the United Nations Commission on Environment and Development is defined as follows: "Humanity, without compromising the ability to respond to the needs of future generations, by providing the daily needs, has the ability to make development sustainable”. The term “sustainability” was coined by the United Nations appointed Brundland Commission and later refined by the UN Commission on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro (Blackburn, 2007). The best – known definition of sustainability, as established by the UN Commission on Environment and Development, states that “development is sustainable where it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (WCED, 1987). The concept of sustainability on different topics in the discipline of economic stability, debt sustainability in order to be able to express the ability of being able to continue, such as sustainable growth around the macro-economic definitions are used extensively. However, the concept of sustainability in all areas, especially in the field of economics Brundland by the World Commission on Environment and Development Report, has expanded the definition of sustainable development. Since the 1980s, the development of international environmental discussions of sustainable development, applied science, environmental and international policy areas examined as a multi-faceted concept that has become the focal point of development strategies (Carvalho, 2001: 62; Bakırtaş ve Bakırtaş, 2007: 223). Sustainable Development, briefly, to meet the demands and needs of future generations without restricting the ability and facilities, can be expressed as the present needs are met. This defines the extent of development mentioned above, under six headings summaries spreadable. These are can be expressed as the environment, the future, quality of life, justice, precautionary principles, and holistic thinking. In addition, there are 3 dimensions of the sustainability of the development which are indisputable and can not distinguish between each other (Arzu Özyol, http://hydra.com.tr/uploads/kutup9.pdf): Social Dimension: Continuing education for the public "quality of life will provide increasing benefits for themselves and the whole of the next generations, 455 �The Economic Dimension: Due to limited resources, these resources can improve people's quality of life and how the fairest way to determine what is the most effective way to distribute The Environmental Dimension: Recycled or not, the use of any determination as to ensure the continuity of natural resource In this context, one of the dimensions of the environmental dimension of sustainable development for environmental sustainability are discussed for the first time in the capital of Brazil, Rio De Janeiro on Environment and Development Summit held in 1992. In this summit, the objective of environmental sustainability is necessary for the protection and development policies, concluded that the aid. The most important work in this area of Environmental Sustainability Index (CSI) 's prepared. This index is prepared jointly by Yale University and Columbia University. Index has 21 indicators is entegrated to 76 data. This 21 quality indicators provide to compare five different subjects: the peripheral system, stress levels of this system, the human population sensitivity to environmental degradation, environmental stress and institutional capacity and global resposibility (Global Leaders, 2001:9). The paper organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the theoretical background. Section 3 summarizes the literature.The methodology is presented in Section 4. The overall conclusion and result are in the final section. 2. Theoretical Background Although sustainability is important for ensuring the future Quality of the global environment, it can also be viewed as a business opportunity, an investment in the future and a pathway to innovation and creative thinking (Satterfield et al. 2009; Hontou et al. 2006; Cowan et al. 2010). Today business, now more sensitivity towards environmental activities as a cost item or to see the threat of competition as an oppurtunity rather than one have to see (Lee et al., 2006: 292). For this reason, environmental innovation can be stated as environmental risk education or more generally as a contribution to sustainable development goals, new ideas, attitudias, development and implemntation of products and process (Rennizgs, 2000: 322). Environmental product innovation in the production and even the destruction of the product until they begin to become waste throughout the product life cycle to eliminate or reduce the negative effects on the environment includes the innovative activities (Büyükkeklik et al., 2010: 375). 456 �3. Literature Author Year Method Result Robert Goodland 1996 and Herman Daly Distinguishing development from sustainability and from growth, the paper describes the concept of natural capital and uses the concept to present four alternative definitions of environmental sustainability. The final section describes how one large development agency, the World Bank, is endeavoring to incorporate these new principle into its operaions. Gregory Theyel 2000 There are discernible differences in the enviromental innovation and performance of US chemical firms that can be explained by differences in the management practices and characteristics of the firms. Firms in the chemical industry and in other industries can learn from the leading firms in this research. Firms that do mak environmental management part of production management are likely to be leaders in innovation for pollution prevention and environmental performance. Smita B. 2003 Brunnermeier and Mark A. Cohen Panel data models to study how environmental sustainability by Us manufacturing ındustries responded to changes in pollution abadement expenditures and regulatory enforcement during the period 1983 through 1992. Environmental innovation responded to increases in pollution abatement expenditures. Also find some emprical evidence that environmental innovation is more likely to occur in industries that are internationally competitive. Sergio et. al. This paper anayses and discusses the potentional role of evolutionary theories in environmental innovation with emphasis on sustainability. The study concludes that eco – evolution is efficient when identifying non – optimal technological trajectories and sustainable options for innovation on the base of existent knowledge. 2003 Allen S. Bellas 2007 and Nancy F. 457 Following their introduction in the mid - Anslysis indicates that there 1970s, fabric filters, a new type of industrial are spesific characteristics of �Nentl scrubber, experineced aggressive growth, and by 1990, this new technology (EIA) form 767, using t tests, cross tabulations and binominal regression to identify the characteistics of those boilers, plants and utilities that installed fabric filters from the alte 1970s to 1990. David Hillier 2008 Dallas M. Cowan 2010 Et. Al. early adopters of fabric filter techonology such as the capacity and age of the associates boiler, the capacity and size of the utility, and whether the utility was privately or publicly owned. An opinion piece, that presents the view of There are those who believe four authors on the current state of the that marketing and depate in this field. sustainability simply be reconciled, while there are others who argue that marketing can contribute to the development of sustainable consumption. Benchmark analysis, They have collected information on the sustainability programs of the largest US companies in each of the 26 industrial sectors. Thes have called product sustainability one in which toxicologist and environmental scientist can play a vital role helping to ensure that a manufactured item will indeed be considered acceptable for distrubition now 4. Methodology Environmental Sustainability Index was developed for monitoring of environmental sustainability covering natural resources, past and present pollution levels, environmental management efforts, contributions and society for the protection of the global values. This index defines the sustainability of countries' capacity to improve the existing environmental quality (Yıkmaz, 2011: 73). Variables to allow comparisons between countries in the index, percent change is usually determined. Some of them are diveded by GDP, imports of goods and services, to get avarage values. After getting the proper comparison of variables, for the missing data, forecasting and consolidation various transformations is applied to perform. In the first stage variables were examined for normally distribution. 2 stage way is used for the skewness problems. 458 �If the value is larger than 2 variables are taken in natural logarithm. Next, if they are larger than 4 after the transformation .They all transformed to old values except the variables that have larger than 4. Since at the normal distribution, observations are distributed symmetrically around mean value of skew is zero(0). Statistical methods to estimate the missing data (Markov ChainMonte Carlo simulation model) were applied. However, some variables, the index of ecological and geographical factors are not within the scope of work because of missing data could not be estimated. The results of distributions are truncated by "Winsorization" technique in order to prevent skewness because of the extreme values of the data. Priorities of the indicators vary by country, generally acceptable weights for the indicators is not known, equal weight was applied. Indicators are equally weighted variables in the form of the firms themselves. Preserves the relative locations of receiving countries in order to avoid differences in the scale of the z-scores were calculated. High values for the variables expressed in a high zscores of environmental sustainability; (variable value-mean value) / standard deviation of the variables that environmental sustainability is for high-low values, (average of the variable-variable value) / standard deviation was calculated using the formula (WEF, 2005). 5. Results and Conclusion It’s emphasized that when Environmental Sustainability Index score is high, it’s more likely to leave a healthier environment to the future generations. Upon looking into the results of the index,it’s seen that none of the countries received high scores from 21 indicators. The results of the Environmental Sustainability Index show that, environmental performance is closely related to ,low population density, good governance the economic vitality (WEF, 2005). Table 1. Countries in the years 2002 and 2005 Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) Performance Comparison Chart Country ÇSE 2002 ÇSE 2002 ÇSE Ranking 2005 ÇSE 2005 Çse Point ÇSE as the Ranking Difference Difference Finland 73,9 1 75,1 1 1,2 0 Norway 73 2 73,4 2 0,4 0 Uruguay 66 6 71,8 3 5,8 3 459 �Sweden 72,6 3 71,7 4 -0,9 -1 Iceland 63,9 8 70,8 5 6,9 3 Canada 70,6 4 64,4 6 -6,2 -2 Switzerland 66,5 5 63,7 7 -2,8 -2 Guyana - - 62,9 8 - - Austria 64,2 7 62,7 9 -1,5 -2 Argentina 61,5 15 62,7 10 1,2 5 Brazil 59,6 20 62,2 11 2,6 9 Gabon 54,9 36 61,7 12 6,8 24 Australia 60,3 16 61 13 0,7 3 New Zealand 59,9 19 61 14 1,1 5 Latvia 63 10 60,4 15 -2,6 -5 Peru 56,5 29 60,4 16 3,9 13 Paraguay 57,8 25 59,7 17 1,9 8 Costa Rica 63,2 9 59,6 18 -3,6 -9 Croatia 62,5 12 59,5 19 -3 -7 Bolivia 59,4 21 59,5 20 0,1 1 Irelan 54,8 38 59,2 21 4,4 17 Colombia 59,1 22 58,9 22 -0,2 0 Lithuania 57,2 27 58,9 23 1,7 4 Alabania 57,9 24 58,8 24 0,9 0 460 �Central African Republic 54,1 43 58,7 25 4,6 18 Estonia 60 17 58,2 26 -1,8 -9 Denmark 56,2 31 58,2 27 2 4 Panama 60 18 57,7 28 -2,3 -10 Slovenia 58,8 23 57,5 29 -1,3 -6 Japan 48,6 78 57,3 30 8,7 48 Germany 52,5 50 57 31 4,5 19 Namibia 57,4 26 56,8 32 -0,6 -6 Russia 49,1 73 56,1 33 7 40 Bostwana 61,8 13 55,9 34 -5,9 -21 France 55,5 33 55,2 35 -0,3 -2 Papua New 51,8 Guinea 52 55,2 36 3,4 16 Portugal 57,1 28 54,2 37 -2,9 -9 Malaysia 49,5 68 54 38 4,5 30 Congo 54,3 40 53,8 39 -0,5 1 Netherlands 55,4 34 53,7 40 -1,7 -6 Mali 47,1 85 53,7 41 6,6 44 Chile 55,1 35 53,6 42 -1,5 -7 Bhutan 56,3 30 53,5 43 -2,8 -13 Armenia 54,8 37 53,2 44 -1,6 -7 461 �Unites States 53,2 45 53 45 -0,2 0 Slovakia 61,6 14 52,8 46 -8,8 -32 Belarus 52,8 49 52,8 47 0 2 Ghana 50,2 65 52,8 48 2,6 17 Myanmar 46,2 90 52,8 49 6,6 41 Laos 45,9 92 52,5 50 6,6 42 Ecuadar 56,2 32 52,4 51 -3,8 -19 Cuba 51,2 58 52,3 53 1,1 5 Hungary 62,7 11 52 54 -10,7 -43 Tunisia 50,8 61 51,8 55 1 6 Georgia - - 51,5 56 - - Uganda 48,7 77 51,3 57 2,6 20 Moldova 54,5 39 51,2 58 -3,3 -19 Zambia 49,5 69 51,1 59 1,6 10 Senegal 47,6 81 51,1 60 3,5 21 Bosnia51,3 Hezzegovina 55 51 61 -0,3 -6 Israel 50,4 63 50,9 62 0,5 1 Tanzania 48,1 80 50,3 63 2,2 17 Nicaragua 51,8 51 50,2 64 -1,6 -13 46,1 91 50,2 65 4,1 26 Combined Kingdom 462 �Madagascar 38,8 128 50,2 66 11,4 62 Greece 50,9 60 50,1 67 -0,8 -7 Italy 47,2 83 50,1 68 2,9 15 Cambodia 45,6 97 50,1 69 4,5 28 Mongolia 54,2 42 50 70 -4,2 -28 Bulgaria 49,3 71 50 71 0,7 0 Gambia 44,7 102 50 72 5,3 30 Thailand 51,6 54 49,8 73 -1,8 -19 Malawi 47,3 82 49,3 74 2 8 Spain 54,1 44 48,8 75 -5,3 -3,1 Indonesia 45,1 100 48,8 76 3,7 24 Kazakhstan 46,5 88 48,6 77 2,1 11 Guenia Bissau 38,8 127 48,6 78 9,8 49 Sri Lanka 51,3 57 48,5 79 -2,8 -22 Kyrgyzstan 51,3 56 48,4 80 -2,9 -24 Venezuela 53 48 48,1 81 -4,9 -33 Guinea 45,3 98 48,1 82 2,8 16 Oman 40,2 120 47,9 83 7,7 37 Jordan 51,7 53 47,8 84 -3,9 -31 Nepal 45,2 99 47,7 85 2,5 14 Benin 45,7 94 47,5 86 1,8 8 463 �Honduras 47 47,4 87 -5,7 -40 Serbia and Montenegro - 47,3 88 - -88 Canary Islands - - 47,3 89 - - Macedonia 47,2 84 47,2 90 0 -6 Turkey 50,8 62 46,6 91 -4,2 -29 Czech Republic 50,2 64 46,6 92 -3,6 -28 Romenia 50 66 46,2 93 -3,8 -27 South Africa 48,7 76 46,2 94 -2,5 -18 Mexico 45,9 93 46,2 95 0,3 -2 Algeria 49,4 70 46 96 -3,4 -26 Burkina Faso 45 101 45,7 97 0,7 4 Azerbaijan 41,8 113 45,4 98 3,6 15 Nigeria 36,7 133 45,4 99 8,7 34 Kenya 46,3 89 45,3 100 -1 -11 India 41,6 116 45,2 101 3,6 15 Poland 46,7 87 45 102 -1,7 -15 Chad 45,7 95 45 103 -0,7 8 Niger 39,4 123 45 104 5,6 19 Mozambique 51,1 59 44,8 105 -6,3 -46 Morocco 72 44,8 106 -4,3 -34 464 53,1 49,1 �Rwanda 40,6 119 44,8 107 4,2 12 Jamaica 40,1 121 44,7 108 4,6 13 Ukraine 35 136 44,7 109 9,7 27 United Arab 25,7 Emirates 141 44,6 110 18,9 31 Togo 44,3 105 44,5 111 0,2 -6 Belgium 39,1 125 44,4 112 5,3 13 Bangladesh 46,9 86 44,1 113 -2,8 -27 Democratic 43,3 Republic of Congo 109 44,1 114 0,8 -5 Guetemala 49,6 67 44 115 -5,6 -48 Egyptian 48,8 74 44 116 -4,8 -42 El Salvador 48,7 75 43,8 117 -4,9 -42 Syria 43,6 107 43,8 118 0,2 -11 Deminic Republic 48,4 79 43,7 119 -4,7 -40 Liberia 37,7 130 43,4 120 5,7 10 Sierra Leone 36,5 134 43,4 121 6,9 13 South Korea 35,9 135 43 122 7,1 13 Angola 42,4 110 42,9 123 0,5 -13 Resource: WEF 2005 142 countries in 2002 and 146 countries in 2005 were evaluated from the aspect of country index. All the countries except Guayana, Georgia, Ivory Coasts and Somalia were both in 2002 and 2005 country index. 465 �In the table given the index average of all countries in 2002 was 49,7 and 49,9 in 2005. But when 2002 and 2005 index values are compared, a decrease in most of the countries has been seen. This situation indicates that environmental sustainability has decreased or it may be because of the difference in two years indicators. However, significant changes in country rankings can be observed. For example, Madagascar ascends from being 128th to 66th , Japan from 78th to the 30th, Mali from 85th to 41st , Russia from 73rd to 33rd , Malaysia from 68th to the 38th order , but Zimbabwe descends from being 46th to 128th, Guatemala from 67th to 115th , Egypt from 74th to 116th, and Hungary from 11th to 54th. Turkey has 50,8 points in 2002 Index with an order of 62. In 2005 Turkey has 46,6 points and descends to the 91th order. Turkey is over the avarage in 2002 while it is under the avarage in 2005. In this study we try to compare the two Environmental Sustainability Index in 2002 and 2005 for the world countries. This situation shows the index is very sensitive to the choice of indicator. Low-scoring countries in 2002 are Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, North Korea, Iraq and Saudi Arabia, while in the 2005 study, North Korea, Iraq, Taiwan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, countries receive the lowest score The highest rated 5 countries in the 2002 Environmental Sustainability Index are: Finland, Norway, Sweden, Canada, Switzerland, while in 2005 they are: Finland, Norway, Uruguay, Sweden and Iceland. Common features of these countries have significant natural resources and population density is low. REFERENCES BAKIRTAŞ İbrahim ve Hülya Bakırtaş (2007), Sustainability of Competitive of Firms as A source of Basic Skills: A General Evaluation, Journal of Management and Economics, Vol.14, No.2, pp. 221-233. BELLAS S. Allen and Nancy F. Nentl (2007), Adoption of Environmetal Innovations at US Power Plants, Journal of Business & Indusrial Marketing, Vol.22, No. 5, pp. 336-341. BLACBURN, W.R. (2007), The Sustainability Handbook: The Complete Management Guide to Achieving Social, Economic and Environmental Responsibility Earthscan, Washington, DC. BRUNNERMEIER B. Smita and Mark A. Cohen (2003), Determinants of Environmental Innovation in Us Manufacturing Industries, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Vol. 45, pp. 278-293. BÜYÜKKEKLİK, Arzum, Murat Toksarı, Hasan Bülbül (2010), An Investigation on Environmental Sensitivity and Innovativeness, Süleyman Demirel University the Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Vol. 15, No.3, pp. 373-393. COWAN M. Dallas, Pamela Doport, Tyler Ferracini, Jennifer Sahmel, Kimberly Merryman, Shannon Gaffney, Dennis J. Paustenbach (2010), A Cross- Sectional Analysis of Reported 466 �Corporate Environmental Sustainability Practices, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Vol. 58, pp. 524-538. GLOBAL LEADERS (2001), Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, World Economic Forum 2001, Davos, Switzerland. GOODLAND Robert and Herman Daly (1996), Environmental Sustainability: Universal and Non Negotiable, Ecological Applications, Vol. 6 , No.4, pp.1002-1017. HONTOU, V., D. Diakoulaki, L.Papagiannakis (2006), A Multicriterion Classsification Approach for Assesing the Impact of Environmental Policies on the Competitiveness of Firms, Corp. Soc. Respons. Environ. Manage, Vol. 14, pp. 28-41. JOFRE, Sergio, Kiyotaka Tsunemi, Tohru Moriaka (2003), A New Eco – Design Strategy to Assess Sustainable Environmental Innovations, Third International Symposium on Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing, Tokyo, Japan, December 811. JONES, Peter, Colin Clarke-Hill, Daphne Comfort, David Hillier (2008), Marketing and Sustainability, Marketing Intelligence & Planning Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 123-130. LEE, J.J., T.K. Gemba, F. Kodoma (2006), Analyzing the Innovation Process for Environmental Performance Improvement, Technological Forecasting & Social Change, Vol. 73, pp. 290-301. ÖZYOL, Arzu (http://hydra.com.tr/uploads/kutup9.pdf). RENNINGS, K. (2000), Redefining Innovation – eco-innovation Research and the Contribution from Ecological Economics, Ecological Economics, Vol. 32, pp. 319-332. SATTERFILED M.B., C.E. Kolb, R. Peoples, G.L. Adams, D.S. Schuster, H.C. Ramsey, E. Stechel, F. Wood-Black, R.J. Garant, M.A. Abraham (2009), Overcoming Nontechinal Barriers to the Implementation of Sustainable Solutions in Industry, Environ.Sci. Technol., Vol. 43, pp. 4221-4226 . THEYEL Gregory (2000), Management Practices for Environmental Innovation and Performance, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 249-266. YIKMAZ R. Fikret (2011), Measuring the Sustainability of Development and Improvement of Methods for Turkey, T.C. Prime Ministry State Planning Organization, Publication No. 2820, Ankara, Turkey. WCED (World Commission on Environment and Development) (1987), Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future, Item 83, 42nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly. WEF (2005), World Economic Form, Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policiy and Center For International Earth Science Information Network, Environmental Sustainability 467 �Index: Bencmarking National Environmental http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/es/esi/esı2005 (23.04.2012). Stewardship, Traffic Accident Detection By Using Machine Learning Methods Nejdet Dogru, Abdulhamit Subasi International Burch University,Sarajevo, Bosnia And Herzegovina E –mails: ndogru@ibu.edu.ba, asubasi@ibu.edu.ba Abstract There are lots of studies about preventing or detecting the car accidents. Most of them includes sensing objects which might cause accident or statistics about accidents. In this study, a system which detects happening accidents will be studied. The system will collect necessary information from neighbor vehicles and process that information using machine learning tools to detect possible accidents. Machine learning algorithms have shown success on distinguishing abnormal behaviors than normal behaviors. This study aims to analyze traffic behavior and consider vehicles which move different than current traffic behavior as a possible accident. Results showed that clustering algorithms can successfully detect accidents. 1.INTRODUCTION Recent inter vehicular studies are acquiring commercial interest via the DSRC/WAVE standard in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). Possible future services among vehicles are topic of many studies(Xu et al., 2004; Nandan et al., 2005; Lee and Gerla, 2010) In VANETs, vehicles are able to communicate with each other in vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) or with roadside network infrastructure in vehicle-to-Roadside Communication (V2R) manner. Some of the envisioned applications for vehicular networks are : vehicle collision warning, security distance warning, driver assistance, cooperative driving, cooperative cruise control,dissemination of road information, internet access, map location, automatic parking, driverless vehicles(Boukerche et al., 2008) Most of applications need traffic speed and travel time measurements. These measurements can be used to help roadway users to decide which route to use or when to depart etc. Also These measurement can be saved to analyze traffic speed and travel time patterns for different time intervals. Currently local detectors at specific points along the road are used to 468 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1204 Title A name given to the resource A Cross – Sectional Analysis of Environmetal Sustainability Practices Author Author Toksari , Murat Abstract A summary of the resource. In 1970s and 1980s the concept of sustainability developed as a process of protection for the elements that social, economic and eceological systems need. During the Environment and Development Summit held in 1992, decisions were made about the works to protect and improve the environmental sustainability with the help of objective policies. By revealing sustainability specifically focuses on the social, economic and ecological target, Brountland report states that meeting Socia-Economic needs is limited to the carrying capacity of ecosystem. Environmental sustainability is divided into three categories. They are resource management, energy management and product sustainability. While, solid waste and water conservation compose the resource managament, energy managament includes energy conservation, renewable energy, GHG emission reduction, energy sufficient. Finally, product sustainability involves product transportation, supply chain audit, product stewardship and Life Cycle Program. In this context, environmental sustainability index and environmental performance index were prepared by the universities of Yale and Colombia. With environmental sustainability index, it is intented to reach perfection in the current and future environmental qualities of the countries. This index, is a tool when aiming to be qualified and is an important mechanism for testing the environmental performance. As for environmental performance index, it has been developed by using result-oriented indicators. In this study, the countries whose performances enter the scope of the environmental performance index were compared, 149 countries in 2008 and 163 countries in 2010 were included in this index. Keywords: Sustainability, environmental performance index, environmental sustainability index, Turkey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),T Technology (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 919 Title A name given to the resource A Cross-cultural Analysis of Moves in Arabic and English Police and Security Research Article Abstracts Author Author Mohammed Nasser , Alhuqban Abstract A summary of the resource. As an academic genre, an abstract is an obligatory step that researchers across disciplines and languages should write to join their discourse community. Therefore, genre analysts have broadly employed move analysis in identifying the rhetorical structures and variations in research article abstracts (RAAs) from a specific discipline and across disciplinary areas. Analysis of RAAs has seldom been involved in cross‐cultural studies, and never been conducted on police and security RAAs. Hence, this study examined the rhetorical structures of RAAs in police and security sciences, and across two languages, Arabic and English. The corpus consisted of 30 Arabic RAAs and 30 English RAAs. The data was analyzed using three move models: Swales' (1990, 2004) modified CARS, Bhatia's (1993) four-move structure and Hyland's (2000) five-move structure. The results showed that many of the RAAs in Arabic and English police and security journals embrace Bhatia's (1993) first three moves: purpose, method, and result, and Hyland's (2000) first four moves: introduction, purpose, method, and results. However, most of these RAAs omitted the conclusion move. For almost half of Arabic RAAs, the method section was optional. In contrast, most the English RAAs had the method section as an obligatory step. With regard to Swales' model, the RAAs in both languages did not use all moves. Many of the Arabic RAAs used Move 1 (step 1): Claiming centrality, Move 3 (Step 1A): Outlining purpose, and Move 3 (Step 2): Announcing principle findings. The English RAAs varied in their use of moves and did not favor one pattern of moves. Move 3 (Steps 1A and 2) was found to be obligatory in the English RAAs. Due to the variation in the use of moves across the two languages; it is not possible to conclude that cross-cultural factors affected the way RAAs were written. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 781 Title A name given to the resource A Crosslinguistic Perspective on Amount Relative Clauses (English vs. Romanian) Author Author Resceanu, Alina Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of this paper is to present some aspects pertaining to the interpretation of a special kind of relative clause construction, which is distinguished from restrictive and non-restrictive (appositives) relative clauses, namely amount relatives. It all started with a work by Carlson (1977) called “Amount Relatives,” in which he proposed that there was a third type of relative clause besides the traditionally recognised appositive and restrictive relatives – amount (Carlson 1977) or degree (Heim 1987) or maximalizing (Grosu & Landman 1998) relatives. The questions linguists have been trying to answer for the last 30 years is why they are called “amount” relatives and how they are different from ordinary (restrictive/non-restrictive) relatives. In the first part, we examine the approaches proposed in Carlson (1977), Heim (1987), Grosu and Landman (1998), Von Fintel (1999), McNally (2005), Herdan (2005) and Grosu (2000, 2002 and 2009). In the second part, we will briefly introduce the basic syntactic properties of the amount relatives, focusing on similarities and differences between English and Romanian. Amount relatives show restriction in the relativizers they allow, in the determiners that can combine with them (the determiners acceptable on the relative head to the ones that can be followed by an amount expression (Carlson, 1977) or to the definite and universals (Grosu and Landman, 1998)) and in their stacking possibilities. Data from Romanian seem to support these properties. Alongside with these common features, there exist in Romanian a construction which has been recently discovered (Grosu, 2009) and which will be discussed in the third part. We will present the contrasting elements that allow us to call this construction ‘a strange relative of the Romanian kind’ or a ‘Romanian unexpected relative’ (RUR) if we follow Grosu (2009). The open questions and further research topics conclude our discussion about the amount relative constructions. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3376 Title A name given to the resource A CROSSLINGUISTIC STUDY ON THE ACQUISITION OF SUBJECT AGREEMENT IN CROATIAN AND YUKATEK Author Author Blaha Pfeiler, Barbara Hržica, Gordana Palmović, Marijan Kovačević, Melita Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of this study was to apply a comparative method to the analysis of the acquisition of subject person marking in two typological different languages, Croatian and Yucatec Maya. Since no equivalent target entities have been identified in these languages, the comparison is based on surface features of person verb marking, such as suffixation and periphrasis. We focus on how subject participants emerge in children’s speech. Longitudinal data from child language corpora of both languages were chosen in order to test several factors which could influence the development of person verb marking: position, alignment and the pro-drop parameter. Position has been shown to play the crucial role in the acquisition of person marking in this research since suffixation was identified as the most important factor for early person marking in both languages. In Croatian and Yukatek children use the verb inflection in the obligatory context and also for different persons from early age on. The acquisition of person marking in periphrastic constructions turned out to be quite different in these languages. We compared the use of the Croatian auxiliary in verbs in perfect tense with the use of the auxiliary and the ergative marking of the Yukatek verb complex. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://eprints.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ad389db04b9970ae92461b668ea3b42b.pdf 0f5bf1e45f9a7023893a309da672ecf4 PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo A Dialectial Analysis of Grammatical Terms Defining The English Articles Yunsang Jang Kore a University of Technology and Education Abstract: This study looks into the English article system from the perspective of dialectics. The goal of the study is to enlarge the scope of understanding the English article system by demonstrating that at the very elementary comminicative level is is more appropriately characterized as a relational dialectial system rather than a simple binary one as described in most traditional pedagogical frammar boks. This study tries to reach this goal by interpreting such key metalingustic notions as anaphoric generic uniquenness etc as well as the three main descriptors of the English articles which involve article definite and indefinite For Plato dialogues or our Daily communicational acts are fundamentally dialectial. Thus the base reasoning fort his stady is that if we understand the Notion related to dialectic or dialectial acts better this will in tum help us understand our own dialogical acts in general and the English articles as a key dialogical marker in particular. Key words: English articles, dialectic, definiteness, indefiniteness 1. OVERVIEW The English articles the and a/an are most freauently used grammatical elements but are also wellknown as one of the most problematic areas in mastering this language as a foreing language (Butler. 1999). A number of research attemps have been made hoping to explain what aspects of the English article system make the learner of English as a Foreing Language (EFL) have difficulty acquiring the system (Master. 1990: Song & Park. 2001). The purpose of this study has been generated out of this line of pedagagical thought. The study aims to extend the scope of understanding the English article system bey demonstrating that at the very elementary communicative level it is more appropriately characterized as a relational dialectial system rather than a simple binary one as described in most traditional pedagogical grammar books . Specifically. This study attempts to reach this goal by re-interpreting key metalinguistic notions of the English articles which have been commonly used in the literatùre involving English grammar and linguistics. This will be done from the perspective of the semantics of dialectics. By nature. This study is more likely to pursue what Ellis (1997) calls practical knowledge as opposed to technical knowledge As part of the discussion about the Professional relationship betwwen Second Language Acquisition (SLA) research and language pedagogy. He characterizes the former as explicit while the latter as implicit. What he argues with the technical knowledge which is obtained primarily by analytical and empirical work. On the other hand. Practising professionals like doctors and teachers tend to rely more on the pratical knowledge which is intuitive and experiential. In what follows. I will first briefly discuss in what respects this instrumental Notion of dialectic or dialectical help extend the scope of our understanding the English articles. A few key descriptions such as article, definite, indefinite and the like will then be analysed. ll. ON DIALECTIC How has the nation dialectic or dialectical been defined in the literature ? As Watson (1985 p 85) points out . Its origin seems to date back to Plato‘s period. Dialectic is Plato‘s Word coming from dialegesthai to talk with and his Works tahe the form of dialogues. As such the terms dialectic and dialogue are closely interrelated concepts. Here the implication is taht our daily comminicational act is fundamentally dialectical. So if we undertand this notion better. This will in turn help us understand our own dialogical acts in general and the English articles as a key dialogical marker in particular. What follows are brief schematic descriptions of these terms. Which have been drawn selectively from the Webster‘s Third New International Dictionary (1967). The nominal forms dialectic and dialectics are defined in two respects. In one sense, they are often identified as the theory and practice of weighing and reconciling juxtaposed or contradictory arguments for the purpose of arriving at truth –especially through discussion and debate. In another sense and particularly on literature. They are often referred to as a type of systematic reasoning that seeks to resolve a conflict. While both senses indicate a reality of tension or opposition 1289 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo between two interacting forces or elements their ultimate purpose is directed toward obtaining truth and solving problems through transforming or transcending. Dialectics for plato was used as a means of logical analysis or division of things and was expressed in the from of representing both genera (or Form in his view of universe) and species (or particular) (Stevenson. 1987). In Aristotle dialectics was viewedas a method of arguing the different sides of any given problem. It was olso used as an art intermediate between rhetoric (thus, more symbolic. Ġndefinite inclusive generic metaphoric and less referential) and strict demonstration (thus more concrete or referential, specific, definite, and exclusive). In the Kantian tradition, dialectics is used to account for paradoxical realities (i.e. both appearances and illusions). And it thus deals with paralogisms (i.e. reasoning contrary to the rules of logic). Antinomies and transcendental ideas. Dialectics in this tradition becomes meaningful where these antithetical problems arise through logical fallacies, perceptural errors or the endeavor to use the principles ofthe understanding applicable only within experience for determination of such transcendental objects as the soul the World and God. In a slightly more developed form the Hegelian interpretiaon is spelled out as: a logical development progressing from less to more compernsive levels that on its subjective side is the passage of thought from a thesis through an antithesis to a synthesis that in turn becomes a thesis for further progressions ultimately culminating on the absolute idea and on its objective side is an analogus development in the process of history and the cosmos. (Webster‘s Dictionary . 1967 . p 623) It is noteworthy that historically up to Hegel‘s use of dialectics. Its majôr function was the acquistion of truth and resolution of conflicts in problems. For Marx in contrast, the dialectic is viewed more as a conceptual tool responsible for bringing about some change or transformation. He expressed this Notion as: the process of self-development or unfolding (as of an action, event, ideology, movement or institution) through the stages of thesis, antithesis and synthesis in accordance with the laws of dialectical materialism and the method that regards change in nature and history as taking place in this way. (Webster‘s Dictionary. 1967 .p. 623) For him reality is a changing process to be decoded by the human mind. The adjectival forms dialectic and dialectical are typically represented with the following characteristic semantic features. They are (a) marked by a dynamic inner tension, conflicct and interconnectedness of parts of elements: (b) they are used to denote the idea of mutuality and reciprocity: (c) thy are used to refer to the acts of praticing being devoted to or employing a dialectic and (d) as regarding something from the point of view of a dialectic. In summary the dialectic has been used as a conceptual catch-all to account for various paradoxical and co-existing aspects inheent in humah reasoing and pratices. Dialectics has been as both theory and practice as indicating a solution. Recognition or acknowledgement of conflict contradiction. Oxy-moron and the like. This use of dialectics is responsible for denoting involves the recegnition of change fifference distinction and the like over time. In fact because of ists potential utility in constructing social theory the concept of dialectics has been given increased attention by psychologists (Gusfield. 1989: Georgoudi 1984: Perin-banayagam. 1991). In reviewing many of the social psychological studies on this subject . Georgoudi (1984) concludes that dialectics has been employed not just at the level of theory construction but also at a metatheoretical level and at the level of methological application. He has also noted that dialectics. In its most general sense is viewed as a process of relating nearly all aspects of human activity. Thus it is a form of medition with a wide range of applications and nearly unlimited theoretical and practical potential. In other words. Its unstated implications are widely and systematically distrubed to almost all sectors of the human and social sciences. As briefly illustrated above the implications of the term dialectic are profound in terms of their philosophical, psychological and methodological applications. Let me point out in what sense the Notion of dialectic can be helpful for one to understand the English article system. Particularly from a pedagogical standpoint. First as seen in Plato‘s view of dialectic the English articles signify both generic or specific meaning and the articles are obviously key dialogical devices. Thus the system reflects the contradictory nature of relation between a whole and its part as well as the processual nature of our human praxis or action. Second similarly to the dialectic as a theoretical concept the semantic root of the English article connotes ―relation‖ which will be discussed further later in this paper. Third just as the notion of dialectic entails system has an antithetical structure ( i. e. definite and indefinite) The system is used for meaning differentiation and construction in dialogical context In sum it seems obvious that there exists a certain conceptual parallel between what we have seen about dialectic and the English articles. 3) KEY DESCRĠPTORS OF THE ARTICLES 1290 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Let me start with the three basic descriptors of the English articles which involve ―definite‖ ―indefinite‖ and article. These terms have been commonly attributed and related to the usage of the articles the and a/ an Although commonly used these three descriptors have not sustained a rigorous theoretical analysis by EFL/ESL researchers. Typically these researchers have simply followed the lead of many earlier theorists. Both philosophers and linguists who from a very different set of assumptions in the philosophy of science have usually resorted to using them as simple referring devices for ―the‖ and a/an. For instance Russell a leading philosopher of the logical positivist school is a typical case in point . As cited by Rosenberg an Travis ( 1971 p 167) Russell (1973) used these terms to distinguish different modes of philosophical description: A ―description‖ may be of two sorts definite and indefinite (or ambiguous) An indefinite description is a phrase of the form a so and so and a definite description is a phrase of the form ―the‖ so-and-so (in the singular) (original emphasis). A similar but more specific usage of these terms has been proposed by Bickerton(1985): In English ―definite‖ really means presumed known to the listener whether by prior knowledge (the man you met yesterday) uniqueness in the universe (the sun is setting) uniqueness in a given setting ( The battery is deadcars do not usually have more than one battery) or general knowledge that a named class exists ( The dog is the friend of man) : and ― indefinite‖ really means presumed unknown to the listener whether by absence of prior knowledge ( A man you should meet is Mr. Blank) nonexistence of a nameable referent (Bill is looking for a wife) or nonexistence of any referent (George couldn‘t see an aardvark) (p.147). Accordingly authors of English grammar books usually use these notions as received categories They assume the word ―the‖ is responsible for definiteness and the words a/an are responsible based on simple clear and straightforward categorical meanings. It has had a broad pedagogical appeal. However because of its theoretical simplicity this classification has also been problematic and misleading to many students. The fact is that the a/an or no use of these words is found in the same or a similar communicative context without a substantial difference in meaning (e.g. the tiger a tiger and tigers) This could thus lead one to confusion about what it means to be definite and indefinite A separate descriptive analysis of these terms will I believe show that a more relational meaning of these articles is warranted. 1. ARTICLE The term ―article‖ is probably the most common descriptor used in reference to the words the and a/an and is used either when referring separately to one or the other of these articles or to both as a common category of grammatical elements A clue to the meaning of this term may be found by looking into its historical origins its ancestral forms found both in Greek and Latin are arthron and articulus respectively They are said to be no more than the ordinary words for link or joint (Lyons 1977) and appear to be analogous to relation or connection. Note also that in the early Greek language no sharp distinction was drawn in terms of the forms or syntactic and semantic functions between demonstrative pronouns the definite and indefinite articles and the relative pronouns. As Herndon (1976 p10) states the term syndesmoi was at first applied to them all. And it was chosen presumably. Because they were all regarded as connectives of various kinds. The primary function of these various words is based on notions of linking, connecting, and other relating schema. These relational concepts are virtually all time-bound in that relating one thing with another requires time: namely a diachronic relation. Note also that the verb form ― articulate‖ is related to the notion ―article‖ in a morphological sense. From this we can further speculate that the use of the articles as an act of articulation or saying is itself an act of relating in a dialogical sense. 2. The Definite When turning our attention to the notion of definite we are initially led to question why this adjective is prefixed to the noun article (i.e. as the name of the which is an arbitrary array of written signs or that of aural markings) and is used together as in the definite article. A basic level of understanding this relation may, however, already be found in some of our usual dictionary meanings of this term. Some of these meanings include : (a)exact limits: (b) precision and clarity in meaning: (c) explicitness and certainty: (d) limitation and specificity From these lexical entries one can sense that the meaning of ―definite‖ is assumed to be something obvious and self-evident which implies a type of confinement or a line-drawing and conversely excludes something vague and unintelligible. 1291 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo This dictionary definition informs us that things or phenomena can be ontologically absolute while at the same time remaining somewhat less defined. In fact, for us to be definite about something(or to define something clearly) has been a central part of our knowledge what is definable through reasoning becomes the source of knowledge as the definite or absolute Truth He symbolized the truth with the concept Forms in the sense that they are more real than material thing for they do not change or decay(Stevenson 1987 p29) More specifically in relation to the referential function of a word (i.e. a word used to refer to truly many different individual referents) Plato thought that corresponding to each usage of the word there is one Form which makes the particular individual referents meaningful entries in terms of its idealistic formal or symbolic resemblance to the referents. This formal and universal resemblance connotes the characterization of a class of certain entities by a process of objective definition. Moreover for Plato only this intellectual acquaintance with the Forms can really count as knowledge since only what fully exits can be fully known (Stevenson 1987 p29) In relation to a common interpretation of Plato Hergenhahn notes that : Before being placed in the body at birth the soul dwells in pure and complete knowledge. Thus all human souls know everything before entering the body. Upon entering the body the knowledge of soul begins to be contaminated by sensory information (1983 p34). This implies that if humans naively accept what they experience through the senses they are doomed to live a life of opinion and ignorance. For this reason Plato‘s concern was with reaching an idealistic state of Forms responsible for uncontaminated human mind and society through education. In this regard the most convincing illustration of his theory of Forms comes from the Euclidean geometry which Stevenson has described as follows: Consider how it deals with lines circles and squares but may always have some irregularity. Theorems concerning these ideal objects-straight lines without thickness perfect circle et-are proved with absolute certainty by logical arguments. Here we have indubitable knowledge of timeless objects which are the patterns that material objects imperfectly resemble(1978 p.29). In light of this one can think about the geometrical concept of point which in a perceptual sense is thought of as standing in its own right but which is in fact a meaningful construct only if related to other geometrical notions like line. Its understanding requires formal conceptualization Plato‘s conception of idealistic knowledge has to do with this kind of geometrical definition of knowledge that he indefinable(thus indefinite and perceptually contaminated) point in its own ontogenesis becomes definable( thus definite ) only in relation to its totality the line. It is in the process of becoming definable that things become definite for us. In fact Plato‘s conception of knowledge is typically dialectic. Thus following Plato‘s we become both knowledgeable and ignorant by having a means to define ıt is very improbable to speak of a ―definite point‖ as found in a geometrical sense. When we see a given point on a geometrical plain. It may be viewed as having its own definite and obvious confinement but it is clear that this is not the case because a point in its own right is theoretically impossible. In the mathematical word (e.g. the Mobius strip numerical entities divided by zero etc) the matter of definition is similarly not posited as an absolute and separate notion. This does not mean however that our acts of defining are always meaningless but that the definite becomes meaningful only in relation. What appears as definite does not necessarily make it so and the term definite with its dictionary significance is plausible only when the usage presupposes an indefinitely –given or taken-for-granted condition. In effect this term must be seen in essence to presume an indefinitely-given as well as a totality against which our acts of defining limiting confining specifying identifying and idealizing occur. Thus even at a very general definitional level our uses of definite and indefinite are essentially relational and dialectic. When judged from only dictionary meanings the concept of exclusiveness may be seen as semantically analogous to definiteness. However. Hawkins (1978) in an apparent reversal. Has characterized the grammatical role of the definite article as inclusiveness and that of the indefinite article as exclusiveness on the basis of his semantic and pragmatic analysis. His argument for the grammaticality of the definite and indefinite article. Based on pragmatic premises is probably quite appropriate in the context of his analytical and philosophical approach. But based on the two apparently opposing definitions we might infer that things or phenomena can be thought of as both ontologically absolute and not so at the same time in that the definite or the 1292 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo absolute connotes both exclusion(by the criteria of its lexical meanings) and inclusion (by the criteria of Hawkins‘ linguistic analysis) Here again one cannot ignore the dialectic. 3)The Indefinite With the notion ―indefinite‖ one may also question why the adjective attaches itself so naturally to the noun article (i.e. as the name of a/an) when they are used together like indefinite article. The lexical entries for this term involve (a) Having no exact limits or having no limits at all (B) not precise sharp and clear in meaning and outline vague: (c) not sure or positive inexplicit and uncertain and (d) not limiting and specifying not referring to the specific. Given that all these descriptions imply no exclusion a prototype meaning of indefiniteness may be said to be that of ― inclusiveness‖ As stated earlier this is contradistinctive to Hawkin‘s (1978) generalization about the grammatical function of the indefinite articles in terms of ― exclusiveness‖ This apparent contradictory nature of the English articles as related to their mate languages may be a partial explanation for many non-native speakers‘ difficulty and confusion in mastering them. The fundamental meanings of these attributive adjectives presupposes the postponement or reservation of the act of defining. They are also suggestive of a certain contingency which requires further action. Having no limits implies that whatever it means the meaning is to be open. This openness to contingency gives rise to the question of motive. Potential and intention to be defined or on its way to becoming definite . All in all the ―indefinite‖ as a concept can be viewed as reflecting a mental state or process which has not been fully acted out but is ready to be acted out. Because it is paradigmatically open it in some sense signifies a syntagmatic (or simply temporal) induction and foretells a sense of meaning-making or of becoming definite. 4) OTHER METALANGUAGES OF THE ARTICLES What follows is an attempt to reinterpret some descriptive terms that have commonly been used in analyzing English articles usages. There are quite a number of classificatory notions which are reflected in our common usages of the articles and which form another major class of metalanguages about the English articles Some of these most commonly used notions which are used to describe our various communicative functions of the English articles include the following: (a) deictic or demonstrative use: (b) back-pointing or anaphoric use: (c) forward-pointing or cataphoric: (d) uniquiness: (e) communal sharing: (f) generic and specific: and (g) endophora or in-text reference and exphora or out-text reference. It should be noted at the outset tahat a general and common feature of all these categories can be described as ‗the communicative act of pointing.‘ The key feature of the articles have generally been interpreted as being dualistic and mutually exclusive. This has been the case. I contend because our treatment of the grammatical aspects of the articles has usually been restricted to a within-sentence analysis. In order to have been better understanding about the articles. I feel that we need to extend to scope of analysis to the much broader context of communicative act. What follows is thus discussed from a communicative perspective which involve all forms of human actions reflecting one‘s psycho-social-cultural history. 1. Deictic The notion of ‗‘deicic‘‘ along with its etymological link with ‗‘deixis‘‘ is analogous to the philosophical notion of indexical expression (Crystal. 1986). And its literal meaning is pointing or indication. It should be renoted that a major function of the definite article has been understood as revealing an indicative or determining role. Not unlike that of deixis. Lyons (1977) states that deixis refers to the variety of grammatical and lexical features ‗‘which relate utterance‘‘ (p. 636). Here note that the essential features of deixis are also defined as relational: in other words at the level of identifying which is linked to which the relational act must have a context in order to make sense. This act necessarily involves both ‗‘agency‘‘ (i.e. who relates) and ‗‘object‘‘ (e.g. enactive, iconic, or symbolic) we are relate and thereby implies that a relational act arises from within an instrumental context. From this interpretation of the term ‗‘deixis‘‘ one is able to derive at least two meanings namely what is pointing as inner motive—the pointer or intention and what is being pointed to—outer evidence or actualization of pointing. The nature of indication itself is not a simple mechanical pointing behavior but is a relational, intentional and psychological gesture mediating between pointer and pointee. It is this dual reality of a pointing act that I content can be characterized as being dialectical and dialogical. More specifically we may say that deixis entails a double dialectic: a relation between intention and a deictic sign: and a relation between the sign and its referent in actual communication. In many cases of human communication the second relation turns out to be reflexive in that the referent itself is language. In this sense language is our existential reference. 1293 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo ‗‘Deixis‘‘ involves not only the characteristic feature of the demonstrative pronouns but also tense and person and a number of other syntactically relevant features in the context-of-an utterance (Thavenius 1983; Wilkins 1985). According to Lyons (1977) it also refers to the philosophical notion of ostension or ostensive definition. It is worth nothing that ostensive, deictic, and demonstrative are all based upon the idea of identification or drawing attention to something in a communicative space by pointing. So too is Hardwick‘s (1977) term ‗‘indexical‘‘ which has been employed in the recent philosophical literature roughly in the sense that we are assigning deictic to discursive acts (Lyons, 1977, p.637). As such, the notion of deixis is understood as an indicative function which is conceptually similar to the acts of pointing, locating and identifying. Lyons accounts for the act of pointing as follows: The canonical situation-of-utterance is egocentric in the sense that the speaker by virtue of being the speaker casts himself in the role of ego and relates everything to his viewpoint. He is at the zero-point of the spatiotemporal co-ordinates of what is referred to as the deictic context (1977 p. 638) What is insightful here is the use of the notion ‗‘zero-point‘‘ because it is conceptually similar to the notion of indefinite. Specifically it does not seem to be a mere co-incidence that this egocentric sense of zeroness in one‘s utterance is initiated with an indefinite expression such as once upon ‗‘a‘‘ time there lived ‗‘a‘‘ farmer in ‗‘a‘‘ village. It appears to indicate a speaker‘s self-a wareness of where he or she is located in a given discourse space. In other words the speaker knows that the story should start from scratch or nothingness. Or the speaker is likely to assume that the hearer knows ‗‘nothing‘‘ about what he or she is going to talk about. Although it may sound speculative the phrase ‗‘zero-point‘‘ above seems to connote the meaning of nothing. In addition as it is found in the earliest stage of a child‘s cognitive development deixis, in terms of its attention drawing property is the most rudimentary identifying act in a child‘s communicative conduct. In summary English article usage when related to the metalinguistic notion of deixis as with many others reflects a dynamic and dialectical reality that is often missed when we treat the articles as simply either definite or indefinite. 2. Anaphoric The notion of ‗‘anaphoric use‘‘ or ‗‘back-pointing‘‘ refers to the case where an entity in a narrative text which often occurs first with the indefinite article ‗‘a/an‘‘ is identified again in that text by replacing ‗‘a/an‘‘ with ‗‘the‘‘ to indicate its reappearance in the discourse. For instance in the sentence ‗‘Bill bought a TV and a radio, but he returned the radio‘‘ ‗‘the ‗‘ in ‗the radio‘ is explained as revealing the anaphoric function. What counts here is that the signification of ‗‘the‘‘ is predicated on the precondition of ‗‘a‘‘. ın this context the use of ‗‘a‘‘ as an indefinite expression is viewed as a necessary condition for the latter use of ‗‘the‘‘. In other words ‗‘the‘‘ becomes meaningful by virtue of ‗‘a‘‘. Moreover their linguistic value becomes meaningful only when they are understood in temporal context because the notion of presupposition is a timebound one. This anaphoric usage reflects the temporal coordination or history-sharing function which is so important between interlocutors in their broader mutual meaning-making and understanding processes. Accordingly here again it is apparent that ‗‘a‘‘ and ‗‘the‘‘ are not really separate linguistic mechanisms or entities but are rather constitutive semantic poles forming an interactive whole between interlocutors. Moreover since this function can be expected to be acquired much later in conceptual and/or linguistic development than the simple deictic or indicative act. 3. Cataphoric The ‗‘cataphoric‘‘ use or ‗‘forward-pointing use‘‘ of the articles is seen in the case where linguistic identity is established by the post-modification that follows the noun. For example it involves the use of ‗‘the‘‘ in the sentence ‗Bill returned the radio he bought yesterday‘ as well as in the sentence ‗‘The‘‘ wines of France (or which France produces) are the best in the world. Insofar as the fundamental meaning of the sentence retains its central intent or sense the first sentence can be interpreted as ‗Bill bought a radio, and he returned it or the radio.‘ As seen in each interpretation we can infer or presume that at least part of the meaning of ‗‘the‘‘ in the examples connotes the indefinite meaning which the indefinite article ‗‘a‘‘ yields. The same reasoning which was developed in the discussion of the anaphoric function above seems to be at work here with the cataphoric function of the articles. What matters here is the matter of explicit observability or of implicit sharedness between interlocutors. While not directly observable what appears to be functioning is a certain dialectical interaction between the definite and the indefinite. The ‗‘the‘‘ in ‗Bill returned the radio he bought yesterday‘ may be thought of as only a grammatical choice but its significance derives from the recognition of the existential presupposition of ‗‘a‘‘ as connected in ‗Bill bought a radio yesterday.‘ Moreover, 1294 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo in a similar context, if Bill bought more than one radio, it would also be possible to say that ‗Bill returned ‗a‘ radio he bought yesterday.‘ Thus here again the definite and the indefinite meanings can not simply be prefixed grammatical notions but are determined in actual communicative contexts, and choice for their usage seems to be determined mostly on dialogical grounds. In effect this dialectical schema of the articles is structured through various and processual dialogical experiences rather than the result of a simple instructional knowing of the meaning of the words and grammar rules. 4. Uniqueness The notion of ‗‘uniqueness‘‘ refers to the definite usage where an object or a group of objects is interpreted as revealing, characteristically, oneness and wholeness at the same time: for instance, the stars, the earth, the world, the sea, the North Pole, the equator, the Reformation, the human race, etc. In other words, its significance arises where referents are understood to be unique in a given context: the sun, the moon, the kitchen, the car, etc. This notion indicates the existence of only one thing either as an individual entity or as a kind. The definite expression seen in this category may be indicated as presuming a native speaker‘s ontological mental index regarding a specific referent. For instance, in the case of the earth, we may say that the passage indicates the native English speaker‘s recognition that something as a referent exists which is named ‗‘earth‘‘ (i.e. the awareness of existential reality) and that the speaker learned to call it ‗‘the‘‘ earth as a conventional label to indicate a common awareness of the referent. In this schema, the use of ‗‘the‘‘ requires both a self and others: namely, without you as an other, the use of ‗‘the‘‘ turns out to be meaningless. We learn in this way that the meaning of uniqueness and the related use of an article is conditioned (or becomes significant) by a speaker in the face of a hearer. A native speaker‘s competence in this aspect of language, as with other aspects appears as an internalization and increasing awareness in the context of communicative socialization processes. Here again, considering traditional language learning settings, where one-way instruction has been preferred over actual communication it is understandable why it is so difficult for learners to develop this kind of social sense, and have so much difficulty with the articles. This social sense can be properly acquired only through actual dialogical (i.e. social) experiences, rather than in simple monological, instructional acts. 5. Situational/Communal Sharing Compared to the uniqueness expression the notion of ‗‘situational or communal sharing‘‘ refers to article usage which is more adaptable to situational variations. The use of an article in this sense does not necessarily signify the uniqueness of the referent. The usual examples in this category are: the radio, the television and the telephone in a given social setting. In a similar way to what was discussed previously, I content that the expression, ‗‘the radio‘‘ becomes intelligible only when interlocutors either explicitly admit that there actually is a radio both as a thing and as a word (i.e. a classical reference problem). Hence, when ones says ‗the radio‘ he or she presupposes the ontology of its referent as well as the existence of a meaningful symbol. It should be noted, however that while this type of referential function is necessary in most communicative discourse acts. It is not sufficient. The referent which the noun phrase indicates is usually in a social context, and as such it is obvious that its referential reality varies from context to context. For instance, in the case of the phrase ‗ten minutes before ‗‘the‘‘ hour.‘ we all know that the noted temporal referent is relative to the assumed time referent of the hour. Whether we are talking about a physical referent or an imaginary referent it is clear that the definite expression is contingent upon the existential cognitive index, which is characteristically adaptable to input, but which retains certain indefinite properties. 6. Generic and Specific The ‗‘generic‘‘ and ‗‘specific‘‘ usages of the English articles refer to Noun Phrases (NPs) preceded by ‗‘the ‗‘, ‗‘a/an‘‘ or ‗‘the zero‘‘ article so that each reveals either the genericity or the specificity of the nominal entity in a context. A generic expression refers to what is general or typical for a whole class of objects. In the sentence, ‗The tiger is a beautiful animal‘ it means that ‗‘the‘‘ indicates the class of tigers, and not simply one individual member of the class. This sentence is thus understood as expression essentially the same meaning as the following sentences: ‗Tigers are beautiful animals‘ on the one hand and ‗A tiger is a beautiful animal‘ on the other. Traditional English pedagogical grammar books usually describe such sentence as having a common property of genericity simply taking their formal or morphological differences for granted without any plausible explanation. Accordingly, they are understood the mean virtually the same thing. Moreover almost all informants 1295 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo of native English speakers cannot find any meaning difference among the three sentence above nor can they explain ‗why so?‘ To recapitulate the generic expression represents the concept or idea which is generally attributable to certain entities pervading all members of a given class. As shown in the previous examples while the dialectical phenomenon is self-evident in this function of the English articles, questions have rarely been raised about what this kind of semantic contradiction means in language pedagogy. Thus, what seems to be necessary to be equipped with some meaningful ideas concerning how to explain it to the student. In effect what I content here particularly in terms of seeing the article system as a dialectical relational system is that genericity as semantic representation of ‗‘the‘‘ NP, ‗‘a/an‘‘ NP and NPs is embodied along the line of semantic continuum between the definite and the indefinite. This in turn implies that ‗‘the‘‘ tends to appear along the definite end of this continuum and that ‗‘a/an‘‘ along that of the indefinite. Moreover NPs can then be viewed as a certain entity appearing somewhere in the middle. One may argue that seeing articles in this way is only speculative at most. But I would rather argue that this interpretive schema is meaningful in that it possibly offers a coherent way of explaining the varying nature of the English article usage both for the student and the teacher. The bottom line here is that until we have a better one, we should dig something out hoping that it‘s better than nothing. A specific expression in contrast represents the entities rather directly as seen in such sentences as ‗Look at the tiger‘ or ‗ask a boy in this group‘ and does so especially in the context where both interlocutors have specific knowledge about the referent. Hence, generally speaking, when representing a referent with its related NP, the generic expression reveals an indirect ‗symbolic reference‘ (i.e. the referent does not have to be real, and moreover the referents that the interlocutors may have in mind are not necessarily identical): a specific expression reveals a direct symbolic reference in that both the speaker and the hearer are required to experience a common shared meaning in conjunction with a given referent. Here again, under this re-interpreted theoretical schema. I content that the locus of linguistic control that determines either the genericity or specificity of meaning is not in the language terms (i.e. ‗‘the‘‘, ‗‘a/an‘‘, or ‗‘zero article‘‘) but in the degree of referent sharing between interlocutors. 7. Endophora and Exophora Two more theoretical terms which appear to capture the relational properties of the English articles but which are also often seen in the study of pronouns are known as ‗‘endophor‘‘ and ‗‘exophora‘‘. According to Thavenus (1938) A speaker will use pronouns to refer in two ways: he can refer to something that is mentioned in the conversation and the reference is then textual or ‗endophoric‘; or he can refer to something that has not been mentioned, but that can be retrieved from what can be perceived in the situational setting or from the speaker‘s and listener‘s shared knowledge and experience. (p. 140) He calls the latter case an example of situational or exophoric reference. Halliday and Hasan similarly introduce the term endophoric ‗‘as a general name for reference within the text‘‘ (1976, p 33) but for them endophoric covers both anaphoric and cataphoric reference (or forward-pointing) article uses, these two functional categories of English pronouns also manifest the relational nature of language use and modes of human thinking. V. CONCLUSION In order to isolate the dialectical aspects of the English article system study has attempted to reinterpret key metalinguistic terms concerning the system. I have tried to show that even at the grammatical level when viewed within the context of various metalanguages the articles are best seen as a relational and dialectical system. This dialectical system I content, can be seen as ‗‘a higher system‘‘ (just as in the structuralists‘ world view) which controls the interactive processes (i.e both syntagmatic and paradigmatic forces or both mutually inclusive and exclusive). This higher system which may be represented as a symbolic sign of ‗(IN)DEFINITENESS‘ suggest that it be viewed in the holistic, communicative, relational context rather than solely within a somewhat limited grammatical intra-sentential and word-centered one. The rationale for my suggestion is not unlike our understanding that phonemic reality becomes more meaningful at the level of morphology and morphological reality at the level of syntax and so on. These ideas are illustrative of an understanding of our human language and communicative system as a multi-levelled and somewhat hierarchical meaning system in which the higher and more inclusive levels of meaning supersede, elaborate and constrain the lower and preceding ones. This mutually exclusive but at the same time codeterministic characteristic is a very essential feature of human language system. This idea was recognized some years ago by the structural linguist Roman Jacobson (1968) who identified the human sound system in this matter.ᶾ) Roman Jakobson`s (1968) theory of phonology development is based on his distinctive feature analysis 1296 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo (or phonemic distinction in general) of the sound systems of many different languages. A central theme of the theory is that the pattern of phonological development is systematic in a relational sense. Moreover this higher system is also indicative of our broader and more pervasive mental processes. One can find it not only in our language use but also in all of our psycho-social acts of meaning making. Although this argument requires much lengthy discussion. I wish to note briefly how our use of ‗‘the‘‘ which usually presupposes the existence of ‗‘a/an‘‘ can be seen as revealing a form of higher order metacognitive functioning. Specifically the use of one in relation to the other reflects our mode of metacognition (i.e. thinking about thinking) which presupposes a continuation of discourse and continuous meaning specification. This kind of metacognition is what makes text cohesion and coherence (i.e. meaning making and communication) possible in a given dialogical contest. Bruner‘s (1986) understanding of the semantics of human expressions while not explicitly stated in relation to the use of the English articles is conceptually congruent with the current argument: The relation of words or expressions to other words or expressions constitutes along with reference the sphere of meaning. Because reference rarely achieves the abstract punctil-iousness, a ‗‘singular‘‘, ‗‘definite referring expression‘‘ is always subject to ‗‘polysemy‘‘ and because there is no limit on the ways in which expressions can relate to one another, meaning is always undetermined ambiguous. To make sense in language as David Olson argued persuasively some years ago, always requires an ‗‘act of disambiguation.‘‘ (p. 64) In effect, this act of disambiguation is a most fundamental metacognitive function that is inherent in our cognitive activities and involves the various processes of differentiation, identification, definition, determination, etc. The articles often called determiners or grammatical markers, by grammarians and linguists can thus also and more importantly be viewed as a dialectical and semantically coherent system of symbols which not only reflects our cognitive and communicative contexts but may serve the more active function of constructing meaning in these contexts. 1297 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo References Bickerton, D. (1985). Roots of language, Ann Arbor. MI: Karoma Publishers, Inc. Bruner, J. (1986). Actual minds possible worlds. Harvard University Press. Gusfield, J. (Ed.). (1989). On symbols and society. The University of Chicago Press. Butler, Y. G. (1999). The role of metacognition in the development of the article system among nonnative speakers. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Stanford University. Crystal. D. (1986). A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics. New York, NY: Basil Blackwell Inc. Ellis. R. (1997). SLA research and language teaching. Oxford University Press. Georgoudi. M. (1984). Modern dialectics in social psychology. In Gergen. K. &Gergen. M. (Eds.) Historical social psychology. CEA. Halliday. M. A. K. &Hasan, R. (1976). Cohegion in English, London: Longman. Hawkins, J. A. (1978). Definiteness and indefinitieness: A study in reference and grammatically prediction. Atlantic Highlands, HNJ: Humanities Press. Hergenhahn. B. R. (1988). An introduction to theories of learning. Englewood Clifts. NJ: Prentice Hall Herndon, J. (1976). A survey of modern grammers. Orlando, FA: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Inc. Jakobson, R., & Halle. M. (1968). Child language, aphasiz and phonological universals. The Hague: Mouton. Lyons, J. (1977). Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Master. P. (1990). Teaching the English articles as a binary system. TESOL, Quarterly, 24(3), 461-478. Hardwick. C. S. (Ed.). (1977). Semitics and significs: The corre-spondence of Charles S. Peince and Victorial Lady Welby. Bloomington: Indiana University. Perinbanayagam, R. S. (1991). Discursive act. New York. NY: Walter de Gruyter, Inc. Rosenberg, J., & Travis, C. (1971). Reading in the philosophy of language. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Inc. Son,. M. & Park, S. (2001). The usage of the definite article by Korean EFL collage learners. Foreign Language Education. 8(2), 23-44 Stevenson, L. (1987). Seven theories of human nature: Christianity, Freud, Lorenz, Marx, Sartre, Skinner, Flato. Oxford University Press. Thavenius, C. (1983). Referential pronouns in English conversation. Lund: Lund University Press. Watson, W. (1985). The ambitectoics of meaning : Foundation of the new pluralism. State University of New York Press. Webster‘s third new international dictionary. (1967). Springfield, MA: G. &C. Merriam Company Publishers. Wilkins, D. (1985). Grammatical, situational and notional syllabuses. In C. J. Brumfit & K. Johnson. (Eds.). The communicative approach to language teaching. Oxford University Press. 1298 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 678 Title A name given to the resource A Dialectial Analysis of Grammatical Terms Defining The English Articles Author Author Jang, Yunsang Abstract A summary of the resource. This study looks into the English article system from the perspective of dialectics. The goal of the study is to enlarge the scope of understanding the English article system by demonstrating that at the very elementary comminicative level is is more appropriately characterized as a relational dialectial system rather than a simple binary one as described in most traditional pedagogical frammar boks. This study tries to reach this goal by interpreting such key metalingustic notions as anaphoric generic uniquenness etc as well as the three main descriptors of the English articles which involve article definite and indefinite For Plato dialogues or our Daily communicational acts are fundamentally dialectial. Thus the base reasoning fort his stady is that if we understand the Notion related to dialectic or dialectial acts better this will in tum help us understand our own dialogical acts in general and the English articles as a key dialogical marker in particular. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://eprints.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9b911e90db144c13056ae52fa6ff6160.pdf e209093da86930f584b0c991386eec4f PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo A Different Banking Methods and the Developing in the Turkish Finance Market-Turkish Participation Banking For 2007-2012 Ferhat Sayım Yalova University, Yalova, Turkey f_sayim@hotmail.com Financial systems and institutions has become the most important reason in the fragility of world economic system. The formation and development process of the financial structure also constitutes the infrastructure of the world economic system. The course of the financial system and development has led to debate with the financial crisis in 2008-2011. One of the discussion topics in order to eliminate problems caused by the conventional banking system is alternative financing systems. In Turkey, the corporations based on profit share system which are named participation based banking spotlight, if the alternative banking systems are considered. These banks which determine different principles in the risk distribution of the portfolio acquired are analyzed more nowadays. Participation based banks are placed in almost every regulation related to banking terms and get their legal infrastructure more stable in the banking legislation of Turkey. This study is a 2007-2012 part of research series. We try to find out the place and the importance of participation based banking with the various sub-headings especially in Turkey. We examine the comparative review 2007-2012 data of participation banks which Collected Turkish Currency and Foreign Currency Funds, Bank Loan Funds, Total Assets, Equity and Net Profit figures for the four participation banks in Turkey. We are comparing the total figures with deposit banks for the same period. One of our primary goals in this essay, to study in the framework of the alternatives of the financial institutions and options. These options could be asserted as a vibrant and viable well established choice as a nonwestern model- different from the classical western interest based dominant banking system in the globe. Moreover, that participation banking systems’ grow and increase with its resourceful bulk of transactions and shares within the financial market. In addition, we intended to delineate the basic functioning structures, rules, norms, principles, procedures, operations of that alternate banking system in the financial market. 119 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo After that, we have applied as a descriptive, explanatory, discursive and comparative analytic methodology to expound the matter in detail. Having gathered literature reviews then we have concentrated on Turkey as a model state in that banking system practice; at which, what kind of instruments and tools used by referring basic indicators, data and information related to the growth, flourish and share of that sector within the total banking and financial system in Turkey. Furthermore, that participation banking system positions, researched in the country. Thus, it is explicated more concerns on by investigating its credits, deposits, financing formulation systems and commitments with the banks, customers and investors of the alternate banking system in the country’s financial order. At last, we have attempted to clarify and summarize the concepts, definitions, expositions, demonstrations, rules, assets, liabilities, equities etc.. by giving special cultural internalizations about the organizational and operational activities of the participation banks both similarities and discrepancies, too; so as to draw the attentions of the new researchers and studies in that situation. Keywords: Bank, Finance Market, Finance Sector, Participation Bank, Islamic Bank, Interest Free Banking, Alternative Banking System. 120 � https://eprints.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b676294e26a04ac1e9317b2fbc288b39.docx 05d60e3bbc9beb874f2f542c4134b3b2 https://eprints.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/97fcc661c7b6f2190adf5e438534a8d6.pdf 68e1cb931c338c1fd1d9b708cadcefc3 PDF Text Text International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo A Different Banking Methods and the Developing in the Turkish Finance Market-Turkish Participation Banking for 2007-2012 FerhatSayım Yalova University, Yalova, Turkey f_sayim@hotmail.com Abstract Financial systems and institutions has become the most important reason in the fragility of world economic system. The formation and development process of the financial structure also constitutes the infrastructure of the world economic system. The course of the financial system and development has led to debate with the financial crisis in 2008-2011. One of the discussion topics in order to eliminate problems caused by the conventional banking system is alternative financing systems. In Turkey, the corporations based on profit share system which are named participation based banking spotlight, if the alternative banking systems are considered. These banks which determine different principles in the risk distribution of the portfolio acquired are analyzed more nowadays. Participation based banks are placed in almost every regulation related to banking terms and get their legal infrastructure more stable in the banking legislation of Turkey. This study is a 2007-2012 part of research series. We try to find out the place and the importance of participation based banking with the various sub-headings especially in Turkey. We examine the comparative review 2007-2012 data of participation banks which Collected Turkish Currency and Foreign Currency Funds, Bank Loan Funds, Total Assets, Equity and Net Profit figures for the four participation banks in Turkey. We are comparing the total figures with deposit banks for the same period. One of our primary goals in this essay, to study in the framework of the alternatives of the financial institutions and options. These options could be asserted as a vibrant and viable well established choice as a non-western model- different from the classical western interest based dominant banking system in the globe. Moreover, that participation banking systems’ grow and increase with its resourceful bulk of transactions and shares within the financial market. In addition, we intended to delineate the basic functioning structures, rules, norms, principles, procedures, operations of that alternate banking system in the financial market. After that, we have applied as a descriptive, explanatory, discursive and comparative analytic methodology to expound the matter in detail. Having gathered literature reviews then we have concentrated on Turkey as a model state in that banking system practice; at which, what kind of instruments and tools used by referring basic indicators, data and information related to the growth, flourish and share of that sector within the total banking and financial system in Turkey. Furthermore, that participation banking system positions, researched in the country. Thus, it is explicated more concerns on by investigating its credits, deposits, financing formulation systems and commitments with the banks, customers and investors of the alternate banking system in the country’s financial order. At last, we have attempted to clarify and summarize the concepts, definitions, expositions, demonstrations, rules, assets, liabilities, equities etc.. by giving special cultural 1 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo internalizations about the organizational and operational activities of the participation banks both similarities and discrepancies, too; so as to draw the attentions of the new researchers and studies in that situation. Keywords: Bank, Finance Market, Finance Sector, Participation Bank, Islamic Bank, Interest Free Banking, Alternative Banking System Introduction With their former name Private Finance Institutions, or with the new one, Participation Banks have no authority to collect deposits but receive fund through special current accounts or profit and loss participation accounts, and utilize fund through methods such as production support, community of profit and loss, financial leasing, buying and selling documents against payment. Even if these institutions are having been allowed in Turkey since 1984, they have been limited in terms of both quantity and scale (Central Bank of Republic of Turkey, 2005). The constitution of the legal base for interest free banking in our country is dated as the end of the year 1983. With the decree dated 16.12.1983 and numbered 83/7506, the foundation of Private Finance Institutions is laid. Participation Banks are banks operating in financial sector, financing real economy and offering banking service. Participation banks collect funds from saving owners, use them in industrial and trade sectors according to the interest free financing principles and shares the profit or loss with saving owners. The word “participation” in their name expresses that this type of banking is based on the principle of participation to profit and loss (The Participation Banks Association of Turkey-FAQ, 2010). Participation banks serve as a means of transformation of saving to capital. Proportional to their advantage of working with a greater number of branches, they also give standard banking services such as investment consulting, safe deposit box, money transfer service, giving check book, mediating cash proceeds etc (Battal, 2007, p. 57). Today, variety of such services given by participation banks is equal or similar to the standards of other banks. Now, in this article, we are going to elaborate as the unit of analysis, the Participation Banks, new financial instruments. In the middle of the first quarter of 21th century, there has been occurred a World Financial Crises. In fact, that crises mainly influenced the capitals of the financial center in the West. For those countries which heavily affected by this financial crises, forced them look for new financial instruments and systems. For that reason, it leaded to the quest for alternative models, opportunities or proposals. The fiscal and financial crises, especially in the European Union Member States, it may be due to of the rigidity of Maastricht Euro criteria, is deepening and deteriorates further. So we think that it proves the need for searching new sort of financial innovations, techniques and tools. It is also our modest propositions that might be recorded some theoretical and practical contributions and amendments to overcome these current troublesome critical financial problematic. One of our primary goals in this essay, to study in the framework of the alternatives of the financial institutions and options. These options could be asserted as a vibrant and viable well established choice as a non-western model- different from the classical western interest based dominant banking system in the globe. Moreover, that participation banking systems’ growth, advancement and increase with its resourceful bulk of transactions and 2 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo shares within the financial market. In addition, we intended to delineate the basic functioning structures, rules, norms, principles, procedures, operations of the Alternate banking system in the financial market. After that, we have applied as a descriptive, explanatory, discursive and comparative analytic methodology to expound the matter in detail. Having gathered literature reviews then we have concentrated on Turkey as a model state in that banking system practice; at which, what kind of instruments and tools used by referring basic indicators, data and information related to the growth, flourish and share of that sector within the total banking and financial system in Turkey. Furthermore, that participation banking system positions has been researched in the country. Thus, it has been explicated more concerns on how it can be investigated by mentioning its credits, deposits, financing formulation systems and commitments with the banks, customers and investors of the alternate banking system in the country’s financial order. At last, we have attempted to clarify and summarize the concepts, definitions, expositions, demonstrations, rules, assets, liabilities, equities etc.. by giving special cultural internalizations about the organizational and operational activities of the participation banks both similarities and discrepancies, too; so as to draw the attentions of the new researchers and studies in that situation. I. Participation Banking in the Literature Banking methods defined in this system called “Islamic Banking” in the international literature are methods such as various kinds of project partnership and others based on prohibition of interest (Moles &Tery, 1999, p. 304). Islamic banks in general referred to the three types of. (1)Development banks, (2) Islamic banks in special purpose, (3) Islamic Commercial Banks. Participation banks may categorize in Islamic Commercial Banks groups (Canbaş&Doğukanlı, 2007, p. 237). Islamic bank works as a trading concern and financial intermediary to perform interest-free activities purely according to principles of Sharia’h. It is a welfare organization that promotes business and trade activities by pooling the financial resources for the sake of profit and loss for mutual benefit (Ahmad, Humayoun, & Hassan, 2010, p. 8). Participation or Islamic banks are not institutions peculiar to Turkey. All around the world, especially in Muslim countries, there are many financial bodies operating according to a similar system. Even if the system consisting of such kind of institutions operating on the basis of partnership of profit and loss is known as “interest free banking” or “Islamic banking” in the world, it is taken first as “special finance house”, and then as “participation banking” in the Turkish regulations. The first modern experiment with Islamic banking can be traced to the establishment of the MitGhamr Savings Bank in Egypt in 1963. During the past four decades, however, Islamic banking has grown rapidly in terms of size and the number of players. Islamic banking is currently practiced in more than 50 countries worldwide. In Iran, Pakistan, and Sudan, only Islamic banking is allowed. In other countries, such as Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Jordan and Malaysia, Islamic banking co-exists with conventional banking. Islamic banking, moreover, is not limited to Islamic countries (Chong & Liu, 2009, s. 125-126). But, when we look at the books of financial institutions generally we can’t see these institutions among the financial institutions (Rose & Marquis, 2009). (Burton, Nasiba, & Brown, 2009) (Mishkin& Eakins, 2009) On the other hand Islamic banks’ ability to withstand the global downturn has fuelled an expansion of Islamic finance around the 3 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo world. Islamic banks have learned that customer loyalty and brand loyalty must be earned (Omar & Ali, 2010, p. 25). The Islamic banking and finance systems in West will continue to grow in areas like Sukuk, Takaful, hedging funds, mutual funds, equity & asset management, corporate finance, wealth and asset management. These high street banks are far more accessible and popular, and all offer similar services. The main reason for the struggle is that, the Islamic bank is introducing an entirely new banking model into a country that has been built around an existing banking system that has been around for a long time (Malik & Malik, 2011, p. 184). Related Legal Regulations in Turkey Generally six types of regulations seek to enhance the net social benefits of commercial banks services to the economy(1)safety and soundness regulation, (2)monetary policy regulation, (3)credit allocation regulation, (4)consumer protection regulation, (5)investor protection regulation and (6) entry and chartering regulation (Saunders & Cornett, Financial Markets and Institutions, 2004, p. 379). We will deal with some of these regulations in this study for Turkey. Deposit banks, participation banks, development and investment banks, branches of foreign banks, financial holding firms in Turkey, The Banks Association of Turkey (BAT – TürkiyeBankalarBirliği), The Participation Banks Association of Turkey (PBAT – TürkiyeKatılımBankalarıBirliği), Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency (BRSA – BankacılıkDüzenlemeveDenetlemeKurumu-BDDK), Savings Insurance Deposit Fund (SIDF – TasarrufMevduatıSigortaFonu-TMSF) and their activities are regulated by the mentioned Banking Act. With the condition that the provisions of the related law are also valid for the banks founded according to special acts, the provisions of the Banking Act are applied. In case of absence of related provisions in the special act, general provisions are applied (Banking Act no. 5411, article 2). Participation banks are supervised by Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency (BRSA). In 2004, the Uniform Chart of Account was formed for participation banks, and these institutions began bookkeeping as other banks, in accordance with the mentioned chart of account (Central Bank of Republic of Turkey, 2005). Definitions Regarding Participation Banks in the Banking Act In the 3rd article of the Banking Act no. 5411, there are important definitions showing differences and similarities between participation banks and other banks. According to these definitions, both deposit banks and participation banks consist two lower members of the higher definition of “Loan Institution”. There are also two banks associations defined in the Banking Act, one of which is the Participation Banks Association of Turkey, and other is the Banks Association of Turkey with a more widespread structuring. The definition of “bank” in the Banking Act includes 3 types of banks. These are: Deposit bank: Institutions operating mainly by accepting deposit and utilizing loan in accordance with the Act in the name and account of itself, and branches in Turkey of such foreign institutions, Participation bank: Institutions operating mainly by collecting funds through special current accounts and participation accounts and utilizing loan in accordance with the Act in the name and account of itself, and branches in Turkey of such foreign institutions, and Development and investment bank: Institutions operating mainly by utilizing loan rather than accepting deposit or participation funds, in accordance with the Act in the name and account of itself, and branches in Turkey of such foreign institutions. 4 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Permission for Foundation or Branch and Office Establishment (Subsidiary) in Turkey According to the 6th article of the Act no. 5411, the foundation of a bank in Turkey or the first branch establishment in Turkey of a foreign bank, is allowed with the condition that it is in accordance with the conditions proposed in the Act, and with decision taken through positive votes of at least 5 members of BRSA. Allowance applications and principles regarding to this allowance is determined by the regulations published by BRSA. Conditions of Foundation According to the 7th article of the Act, the main conditions for the foundation of a bank in Turkey are as follows: a) It has to be founded as an incorporated company, b) Stocks have to be issued in against cash reserve and all has be written in the title, c) Founders has to have the qualities defined in the Act, d) Board members has to have the qualities defined in the Act and to have professional experience in order to be able to realize planned operations, e) Proposed subjects of operation have to be in accordance with planned structure of finance, management and organization, f) Its issued capital free of every kind of collusion and in cash has to be at least 30 million New Turkish Lira, g) Its founding charter has to be in accordance with provisions of the Act. In addition, it has not so complex structure of organization and partnership which would prevent supervision, and plans regarding proposed operation objects and structures regarding internal organization have to be designed in a realist manner. Provisions Regarding Loans Participation banks are subject to strict provisions of the Banking Act regarding loan and loan limitations. At the end of the detailed definition of “loan” in the 48th article, in the second paragraph, fund utilization styles peculiar to participation banks are mentioned to be seen as loan in the implementation of the Act: (…) funding obtained by participation banks through payments of prices of movable and immovable possessions and services, or through methods such as profit and loss partnership investments; supply of immovable, equipment or commodity; or financial rent; funding of documents against payment, joint investments and so on are accepted as loan (…) Loan Limitations The quality of loans in the assets of the banks is very significant in terms of building banking system on a sound basis and operating with sound balance sheets. The motive behind the Banking Act and regulations made by BRSA is the prevention of these bank owners utilizes collected funds in too risky operation fields or in their own group companies with disregard of objective evaluation. In order to achieve this goal, the Banking Act puts some limitations on the distribution of loans and proposes severe penal sanctions in case of violation. These limitations are valid also for participation banks. These are shown below in general terms. Total loans utilized by a natural entity or a legal entity or by a risk group cannot exceed 25 % of equities. (There are some exceptional cases in which different rates are implicated.)… Loans given to an ordinary partnership are assumed to be given to partners proportional to their responsibilities. 5 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Loans utilized by all partners registered in the stock register holding 1 % or more of the bansk’s capital and entities consisting risk group with them cannot exceed 50 % of equities. Loans utilized by partnerships controlled jointly are assumed to be utilized by the risk group which includes every shareholder controlling the partnership jointly proportional to the rate of its share within the partnership capital to the total share controlled jointly. Loans utilized by a natural entity or a legal entity or by a risk group and equaling or exceeding 10 % of equities are assumed to be “great loan”. Total great loans cannot exceed 8-multiple of the equities. (…) When elements of the same risk group risk is included in the assurance of a risk group’s loans, topics such as how calculations will be made and how assurance elements with guarantee of country’s central government are mentioned in the Act (Banking Act no. 5411, article 54). Operations without Loan Limitations Furthermore, the 55th article mentions operations which are outside of loan limitations. Ones of these which are thought to be related to participation banks are listed below. BRSA can made additions to these operation types. a) Operations paid in cash, values and accounts similar to cash, and precious metals. b) In case of allocation of a new loan to the same entity or same risk group, with the condition of that loans given before in foreign currency or in unit of foreign currency are considered in current exchange rate as of the date when the following loan begins to be utilized, with the exception of use of check book or credit card, increases of loans stemming from change of exchange rate, and interest, profit share and other elements settled to overdue loans. c) Partnership shares obtained free because of every kind of capital increases and value increases of partnership shares which does not require any fund going out. d) Operations between banks according to the principles determined by the Council. e) Partnership shares obtained in scope of undertaking of mediating public offer. f) Operations considered as discount value in the account of equity. Participation Banks Founded in Turkey Special finance houses adopted by Turkish society in short time showed a rapid improvement in terms of collected funds, volume of work and project capacities. These finance institutions are: AlbarakaTürk Special Finance Institution Inc.: The first finance institution of interest free banking in Turkey, AlbarakaTürk Participation Bank, finished its foundation in 1984, and began its operations as of the beginning of 1985. Its name is still AlbarakaTürk Participation Bank. (AlbarakaTürk – About Us, 2010) KuveytTürkEvkaf Finance Institution Inc.: KuveytTürk, founded in 1989 at the status of Special Finance Institution, changed its name in May 2006 as KuveytTürk Participation Bank Inc (The History of KuveytTürk, 2010). Anadolu Finance Institution Inc.: It began its operations in 1991 in Ankara. It is founded with domestic capital. Faisal Finance Institution Inc.: Founded in 1985. In 2001, Faisal Finance Institution Inc. It has been taken over by ÜlkerGroup, its trade name was changed to Family Finance Institution Inc. In 2005, Anadolu Finance Institution Inc. and Family Finance Institution Inc. merged under the name of Türkiye Finance Participation Bank Inc. İhlas Finance Institution Inc: Founded in 1995. As a result of the 2001 economic crisis, it went on bankrupt and its official authorization has been cancelled. That bank still has been 6 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo in liquidation, since 2001. We should underline the fact that the bankruptcy of this finance bank negatively influenced the other participation banks, too. Asya Finance Institution Inc: Founded in 1996. After the Act no. 5411 came into effect, its name has been changed to Bank Asya Participation Bank. After the Banking Act no. 5411 accepted on October 19, 2005 and published in the Official Journal on November 1, 2005, the name “Private Finance Institutions” has been changed to “Participation Banks”. And the name “Private Finance Institutions Association” has been changed to “Participation Banks Association of Turkey” which has also created their own insurance funds so as to prevent their depositors’ loss; because of any of its member’s probability of bankruptcy at which they could compensate similar to other banks. This insurance include some limits like deposit banks insurance. Participation banks operating today among the institutions mentioned above are AlbarakaTürk Participation Bank Inc., KuveytTürk Participation Bank Inc., Asya Participation Bank Inc. and TürkiyeFinans Participation Bank Inc. II. Methods of Fund Collection These organizations collect funds in the form of sharing accounts or current accounts to operate independently within each maturity group (Parasız, 2009, p. 251). Main items of liability side in the balance sheet of all firms consist of equity capital and loan capital. Equities are funds given by partners as capital or profit which is not distributed etc. These express resources belonging to the capital owners. However the share of equity item within the total capital is not so high in finance institutions and especially in banks in comparison to other businesses. It can be read as follows: An important part of resources of banks consist of loan capital. Because of the banking system is based on this. Bank or participation bank transforms funds collected from real or legal entities to loan. And the collected funds are naturally loan capital. Therefore, the growth of a bank depends on that it collects funds as much as possible in order to be able to give loan as much as possible. In deposit banks, fund collection is mostly realized through promise of interest. However participation banks cannot promise any future interest which would mean a predefined return. Participation banks collect funds mainly through three ways below. In addition to them, there are also investment accounts based on gold or precious metals. Current Account Current accounts are funds which belong to physical or legal entities, money in which can be withdrawn every time partly or totally, and which don’t pay any interest or profit to their holders. These accounts are similar to checking accounts in interest banks. Account holders open current account to be free of trouble to protect their money against theft, loss etc., and have opportunity to keep their money in a safe place. They also use services provided by their bank such as use of commercial check book, Money transfer, collection of check and bills. With the help of these accounts, services are provided such as payment and so on, parallel to needs of commercial and daily life. Therefore, these accounts which are mostly dynamic are not proper to bring return and to promise interest. However banks can use these capitals as equity capital after determining average amounts held in these accounts and keeping the needed reserves. 7 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Participation Accounts Participation accounts are funds of interest free banks which belong to physical or legal entities, money in which is deposited as Turkish Lira or foreign currency against contract of profit/loss participation account, and which result in profit/loss participation. Interest free banks pay amount of balance equivalent to unit account value to the account holder according to the state of profit/loss. Payees of interest free banks have no right to demand anything from funds accumulated in these funds (Akın, 1986, pp. 288-299). Returns remaining back from the funds deposited by participation account holders are distributed to account holders after deduction of losses stemming from returns obtained from funds utilized in pools constituted after certain criteria are handled such as their fixed terms and deposit date. When these returns are distributed, certain shares of these returns are hold by participation banks as management share. Special Fund Pools Participation Banks, according to the 60th article 7th paragraph of the Banking Act, can create special fund account pools for 3 or more months by collecting funds in private accounts in order to be utilized for financing planned projects or other investments, without the necessity of adhering time or types determined by the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey. Participation accounts belonging to funds collected in this manner are operated in different accounts independent from other accounts and with different time. No transfer is allowed from the collected funds to other period groups. The related authority or institution has to be informed in 15 days after opening or closing dates, regarding special fund pools. At the end of the period of funding, special fund pools get closed**. III. Fund Utilization Methods Banking activity is mainly not a sector of trade of goods and service. This sector is a service sector. With its operations, it is a sector aiming to utilize fund surplus – collected from entities which have no opportunity or ability to use funds in their hands – for paving the way for operations based on commercial activities, and to take a share from the added value created. Therefore funds collected in order to create added value have surely to be used for production of goods and service. Otherwise, it is obvious that money etc. held in lockboxes would not increase where they stay, and not create added value. The most important difference of participation banks is that they prohibit for themselves certain methods of fund utilization and certain sectors used by other banks when utilizing collected funds. Fund Utilization Methods based on Commerce The main fund utilization methods of participation banks can be listed under two titles: The first of them is Fund Utilization Methods based on Commerce. Also deposit banks can use these types of financing. However there are some points in certain procedures such as handover of money which participation banks pay more attention. The important points here are that it has to be an operation necessarily based on trade of goods or service, and that payment to be made has to be delivered to the firm which sells the goods. **Published in OfficialJournalno. 26333. Banking BankacılıkDüzenlemeveDenetlemeKurumu (BDDK), article 7, 2006 8 Regulation and Supervision Agency (BRSA) / �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Private Funding Support Participation bank pays the price of goods or services – bought by real entities directly from sellers for personal needs such as vehicle and apartment – in the name of the customer to the seller, with the condition of not to be used in funding of commercial activities, and in return the buyer is charged with a debt (The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2008). Financial Rent In the operation which is called “leasing” today, the person who wants to buy a good demands that this good is bought by the participation bank and rent to this person after the agreement between this person and the participation bank. However it is decided the customer of the participation bank will be the owner of that good after a certain period of rent and of paying rents. In this way, the good with financial renting is used by the customer demanding financial renting, and is owned by the bank. At the end of rent period, the ownership is handed over. As investment banks, also participation banks can realize financial renting operations without founding a separate company. Murabaha: (Installment Sale) Murabaha used in banking is sale of goods with an order of sale in which payment is made some time after delivery of the goods transacted. A customer and a bank sign a precontract which proposes that the customer buys a good from the bank. After the contract, upon the customer’s written demand, the bank buys the mentioned good in cash from the seller, and sells it to its customer in accordance with the conditions agreed upon before (Akın, 1986, p. 159). So, participation bank mediates trade, buys the good from the seller in cash, and sells to its customer for the account. Fund Utilization through Profit and Loss Partnership Method Mudaraba: (Venture Capital) Mudaraba is a method of fund utilization used by interest free banks very commonly. One party gives its labor, know-how and experience (entrepreneur), and the other party gives capital (interest free bank). In this method, real and legal entities present their applicable projects to the bank. The manager accepted and funded by the bank is called “mudarib”, and the person or institution funding or supporting the project is called “Rabbul-mal”. After signing a contract with the mudarib, Rabbul-mal (interest free bank) has to keep ready the amount of capital mentioned in the contract, in accordance with mudarib’s demand. Other than conditions mentioned in the contract, bank has no authority to interfere in transactions realized by the project owner. However in case of emergence of danger of loss because of unplanned and irregular work, the bank can make some initiatives in order to prevent loss. Normally, it can control accounts every time, and demand all formal and informal bookings. Profit obtained at the end of mudaraba operation is shared among Rabbul-Mal guaranteeing funding and mudarib using fund according to the proportion determined before. In case of any loss, this loss is met by Rabbul-mal (Küçükkocaoğlu, 2010, p. 8). Muşareke: (Joint Capital Partnership or Capital Invesment) Muşareke is called “şirketu’l-İnan” in the Islamic Law. While One party, i.e. bank, gives capital, and the other party, i.e. real or legal body demanding fund, gives labor in the mudaraba contract, both of these two parties put forward both their labor and capital in muşareke contract. One or more of participants of partnership realize the work, and every partner included ones which does not take part in the work too deserves a certain right 9 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo according to the rate agreed before. Even if capitals are the same, profit shares can be different, or vice versa. The finance method called muşareke is applied in following manner: Islam Bank takes the responsibility to provide a part of the capital which is demanded by its customer as its partner. And the customer provides the rest of project capital due to its own financial opportunities and the qualification of the project. The customer takes the responsibility of management, control and monitoring of the financial aid because of its expertise. Taking these responsibilities, the customer deserves to take a bigger share of the profit (Küçükkocaoğlu, 2010, p. 10). SelemSale: (Current Sale of Future Delivery Goods or Future Markets and Sales) “Selem sale” means buying a good on account with another good bought or sold in cash. The bank buys a good by paying its price in cash which is going to be delivered to the bank in a future date agreed upon in the contract between the bank and the seller. A different style of selem sale, as in funding purchase of building, machinery and equipment, can be used also in purchase of consumer durables in case of that conditions are proper in terms of economy. In other words, this finance technique can be used in order to fund industry, trade and agriculture (Akın, 1986, p. 163). According to another definition, selem is the sale activity which is made with money in cash and goods on account. In selem, type, quality, amount, price, delivery place and date of the product have to be determined in the contract. With the help of selem, goods which will be produced in a future date are sold, and the needed money is obtained. On the other hand, customer buys a good which it will need in a future date. So, both parties meet their needs without using interest (Yılmaz, 2010, p. 14). For example, a farmer which needs money is supported by the bank in terms of capital, and the bank sells the yield in the market. Documents against Payment This type of fund utilization method is used for funding of foreign trade. According to the contract signed between participation bank and the party using fund, the participation banks buy documents against payment in cash, and sells to one using fund on account with a higher price. This type of finance technique is mainly based on the method of murabaha (forward sale) (Akın, 1986, p. 290). However, methods and documents used in foreign trade gain importance at that point. Documents are used in foreign trade especially in operations of documented credit. They are documents which assure importer’s custom clearance of goods sent by exporter. Therefore, these documents which make possible that goods entering in customs in the country of exporter are delivered by customs authorities are undertake the ownership of goods as documents with status of valuable papers. It means that a participation bank buys goods abroad in the name of its customer who gave him order, and sells them to its customer. IV. Personnel and Branch Structure of Participation Banks Growth of Branch Numbers As of the end of 2012, the number of deposit banks founded in Turkey is 32. While 3 of them are based on public capital, 12 of them are based on domestic private capital, and 16 of them are based on foreign private capital, 1 of them belongs to SIDF. Additionally, there are 13 development and investment banks founded in Turkey. When we take also 4 participation banks into consideration, it is seen that the number of banks in Turkey reaches to 49. 10 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The number of branches of deposit banks was 7.570 in 2007, and reached to 10.234 with an increase of 35, 2 % as of the end of 2012. The number of branches of participation banks was 422 in 2007, and reached to 828 with an increase of 96, 2 % as of the end of 2012. 3 public banks and 1 SIDF bank excluded, each of 28 private deposit banks has average 254 branches, and each of 4 participation banks has average 207 branches. Looking at the growth rates of the number of their branches from 2007 to 2012, it is seen that the growth rate of branches of participation banks is almost three times more than deposit banks. The table below shows the position of participation banks within themselves. Table 1 Growth of Branch Numbers, 2007-2012 END OF YEAR ALBARAKA TÜRK BANK ASYA KUVEYT TÜRK TÜRKİYE FİNANS TOTAL SUM Average 2007-2012 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 108 137 123 109 101 100 80 174 250 200 175 158 143 118 144 221 180 141 121 113 87 179 220 182 182 180 174 137 605 828 685 607 560 530 422 Table 1/b Increase Rate from Previous Year at Branch Numbers, 2007-2012 END OF YEAR ALBARAKA TÜRK 14% BANK ASYA 19% KUVEYT TÜRK 19% TÜRKİYE FİNANS 11% Increase Rate From Prev.Year Total Sum 15% Average 20072012 2012 11% 25% 23% 21% 21% 2011 13% 14% 28% 0% 13% 2010 8% 11% 17% 1% 8% 2009 1% 10% 7% 3% 6% 2008 25% 21% 30% 27% 26% 2007 27% 30% 10% 12% 19% Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2012-13) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012-13). Growth of Personnel Number As of the end of 2012, totally, 201.454 employees are employed in the banking sector in Turkey. Personnel number of deposit banks was 153.212 in 2007, and reached to 181.197 with an increase of 18,3 % as of the end of 2012. The number of personnel of participation banks was 9.215 in 2007, and reached to 15.356 with an increase of 66,4 % as of the end of 2012. Looking at the growth rates of the number of their personnel from 2007 to 2012, it is seen that the growth rate of personnel of participation banks is almost four times more than deposit banks 11 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 2Employments in the Banking Sector, 2007-2012 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Participation Banks 15.356 9.215 11.032 11.802 12.703 13.857 Deposit banks 153.212 166.325 167.063 173.133 176.576 181.197 >Public banks 41.056 43.333 44.856 47.235 50.239 51.587 >Private banks 75.124 82.158 82.270 83.633 89.047 90.612 >Fund banks 325 267 261 252 243 226 >Foreign banks 36.707 40.567 39.676 42.013 37.047 38.772 Development and investment 5.322 4.901 5.273 5.339 5.370 4.842 banks Total 172.391 182.630 184.204 191.206 195.275 201.454 Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 201213) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012-13). As of the end of 2012 (December 2012), the average personnel number for branch in participation banks is as follows: Bank AlbarakaTürk Bank Asya KuveytTürk TürkiyeFinans Total Sum Deposit Banks Total Personnel No./Branch No. 2012(2.758/137) 2012(5.064/250) 2012(3.939/221) 2012(3.595/220) 2012(15.356/828) 2012(181.197/10.192) Average Personnel No. Average Personnel for Branch 2011 No. for Branch 2012 21,1 20,1 22,7 20,3 18,5 17,8 18,6 16,3 20,2 18,5 18,0 17,8 Actually, Bank Asya Participation Bank has the biggest personnel number and average personnel number. Apart from Bank Asya, Albaraka’s average is high. In deposit banks, average personnel number reached by dividing the total personnel number to the branch number is 18 in the end of 2011. The same average is 20,2 in participation banks. This means that participation banks employ 12 % more employees for branch than deposit banks for 2011. But both of them is equal almost in the end of 2012. The average personal decreased in the end 2012 for participation banks. Rapidly increase in the brunch number seems the cause of the decrease for average brunch personnel number. Table 3/a Growth of Personnel Number (Participation Banks), 2007-2012 End of year Albaraka Turk Bank Asya Kuveyt Turk Türkiye finance Total sum Average 2007-2012 2.124 4.181 2.767 3.254 12.326 2012 2.758 5.064 3.939 3.595 15.356 2011 2.601 4.548 3.326 3.382 13.857 2010 2.175 4.266 2.850 3.403 12.694 2009 1.935 4.074 2.447 3.346 11.802 2008 1.796 3.806 2.245 3.185 11.032 2007 1.481 3.329 1.794 2.611 9.215 Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2012-13) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012-13). 12 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 3/b Increase Rate from Previous Year at Personnel Number (Participation Banks), 2007-2012 End of year Albaraka Turk Bank Asya KuveytTurk Türkiyefinance Average20072012 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 16% 14% 19% 9% Increase rate from prev.yeartotal sum 14% 6% 20% 12% 8% 21% 28% 11% 7% 5% 7% 14% 40% 18% 17% 16% 9% 25% 29% 6% -1% 2% 5% 22% 19% 11% 9% 8% 7% 20% 30% V. Evaluation of Sectorial Quantitative Data Turkish Currency Funds Participation banks showed a quite better performance as of the end of 2012 compared to 2007 in funds of Turkish currency. As of the end of 2012, deposits of Turkish currency reached to approximately 29 billion Turkish Lira after an increase of 265 %.Among participation banks, Bank Asya has the biggest fund of Turkish currency. But highest average grown rate owner is Kuveyt Turk. The second high performance belongs to the AlbarakaTürk. Table 4 Collected Turkish Currency Funds in Participation Banks, 2007-2012 (1000TL) END YEAR OF ALBARAKA TÜRK Average 2007-2012 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 BANK ASYA KUVEYT TÜRKİYE TÜRK FİNANS TOTAL SUM 3.586.632 6.143.803 3.819.808 4.980.901 18.531.143 5.535.572 4.797.751 4.358.934 3.290.809 2.029.617 1.507.109 6.768.530 5.215.357 4.496.126 2.987.415 2.111.414 1.340.003 7.444.772 6.233.354 5.712.662 4.660.035 3.300.252 2.534.330 9.241.391 7.813.463 7.662.288 5.979.825 3.603.487 2.562.363 28.990.265 24.059.925 22.230.010 16.918.084 11.044.770 7.943.805 Table 4/b Increase Rate from Previous Year at Collected Turkish Currency Funds in Participation Banks, 2007-2012 (1000TL) END OF YEAR ALBARAKA TÜRK BANK ASYA KUVEYT TÜRK TÜRKİYE FİNANS Increase Rate From Prev.Year Total Sum 34% Average 200736% 35% 41% 28% 2012 2012 15% 18% 30% 19% 20% 2011 10% 2% 16% 9% 8% 2010 32% 28% 51% 23% 31% 2009 62% 66% 41% 41% 53% 2008 35% 41% 58% 30% 39% 2007 60% 56% 48% 44% 51% Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2012-13) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012-13). 13 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Foreign Currency Funds, 2007-2012 Table 5/aForeign Currency Funds, 2007-2012 (1.000TL) END OF YEAR Average 2007-2012 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 ALBARAKA TÜRK 2.513.238 3.689.446 3.246.996 2.522.656 2.173.836 1.955.493 1.490.999 BANK ASYA 3.686.636 6.500.467 4.583.580 3.504.294 3.156.753 2.239.334 2.135.387 KUVEYT TÜRK 3.248.656 5.986.513 4.702.970 2.885.347 2.370.842 1.957.958 1.588.305 TÜRKİYE FİNANS 2.660.856 3.984.764 3.275.811 2.685.234 2.222.455 2.012.296 1.784.575 TOTAL SUM 12.109.385 20.161.190 15.809.357 11.597.531 9.923.886 8.165.081 6.999.266 Table 5/b Increase Rate from Previous Year at Foreign Currency Funds, 2007-2012 (1.000TL) END OF YEAR ALBARAKA TÜRK 21% BANK ASYA 28% KUVEYT TÜRK 28% TÜRKİYE FİNANS 15% Increase Rate From Prev.Year Total Sum 23% Average 20072012 2012 14% 42% 27% 22% 28% 2011 29% 31% 63% 22% 36% 2010 16% 11% 22% 21% 17% 2009 11% 41% 21% 10% 22% 2008 31% 5% 23% 13% 17% 2007 23% 37% 9% 2% 17% Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2012-13) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012-13). The case in foreign currency funds is some different. Among participation banks, Bank Asya has the biggest fund and the highest increase of performance of foreign currency in 2012. KuveytTürk and Bank Asya have the highest average growing rate in the foreign funds. The second participant bank is KuveytTürk. As of the end of 2012, Foreign currency deposits of participation banks reached to approximately 20 billion Turkish Liras after an increase of 188 % compared to the end of 2007. Total Funds Collected, 2007-2012 Bank Asya is the leading participation bank with an amount of 15.7 billion Turkish Lira; In terms of total funds collected as the end of 2012. KuveytTürk, TürkiyeFinans and AlbarakaTürk follow Bank Asya respectively. As of the end of 2012, total funds collected by participation banks reached to approximately 49 billion Turkish Lira, after an increase of 229 % compared to the end of 2007. Figures of deposit banks and participation banks are shown below which facilitates to make a comparative analysis between them. Table 6 Total Funds Collected, 2007-2012 (1000TL) END OF YEAR Average 2007-2012 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 ALBARAKA TÜRK 6.099.870 9.225.018 8.044.747 6.881.590 5.464.645 3.985.110 2.998.108 BANK ASYA 9.830.439 15.741.858 12.397.043 11.166.582 9.136.578 5.842.821 4.697.750 14 KUVEYT TÜRK 7.068.463 12.755.043 9.918.327 7.381.473 5.358.257 4.069.372 2.928.308 TÜRKİYE FİNANS 7.641.757 11.429.536 9.509.165 8.397.896 6.882.490 5.312.548 4.318.905 TOTAL SUM 30.640.528 49.151.455 39.869.282 33.827.541 26.841.970 19.209.851 14.943.071 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 6/b Increase Rate from Previous Year at Total Funds Collected, 2007-2011 (1000TL) ALBARAKA BANK KUVEYT TÜRKİYE Increase Rate From TÜRK ASYA TÜRK FİNANS Prev.Year Total Sum Average 2007-2012 28% 31% 33% 22% 28% 2012 15% 27% 29% 20% 23% 2011 17% 11% 34% 13% 18% 2010 26% 22% 38% 22% 26% 2009 37% 56% 32% 30% 40% 2008 33% 24% 39% 23% 29% 2007 39% 47% 24% 23% 33% Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2012-13) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012-13). END OF YEAR Among participation banks, KuveytTürk has the highest increase rate for total funds in 2012, 2011 and 2010. The second bank is Bank Asya in the same 2012. KuveytTürk also has the highest average growing rate in the foreign funds with Bank Asya. The second participant bank is Bank Asya in the average rates. Table 7 Fund Distributions of Participation and Deposit Banks, 2007-2012 (Million TL) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2007-2012 Inc. Rate Deposit Banks 356.984 453.485 507.258 614.681 656.276 708.079 %98 Participation Banks 14.943 19.210 26.842 33.828 39.869 49.151 %229 Deposit+Participation B. 371.927 472.695 534.100 648.509 696.145 757.230 %104 Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2012-13) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012-13). Table 8 Total Deposits in Deposit Banks, 2007-2012 (Million TL) Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012* Total 1000TL 356.983.744 453.484.686 507.258.479 614.680.785 656.276.000 708.079.178 27 12 21 7 8 Inc. Rate When figures are compared as of the end of 2007 and 2011, it is seen that participation banks have two times bigger percentage of increase than deposit banks on the percentage basis in terms of rate of increase. Participation banks taken into account, total fund + deposit in Turkey reaches 696 billion TL as of the end of 2011. Funds Utilized, 2007-2012 Increase rate of loan-fund utilization from the end of 2007 to the end of 2012 of participation banks higher than deposit bank’s rate. They are 226% and 166**% respectively. Bank Asya is the leading participation bank with an amount of 16.1 billion Turkish Lira; In terms of funds utilized as the end of 2012. TürkiyeFinans, KuveytTürk and AlbarakaTürk * This Figure Strong Estimate. Calculated via increase rate of 9/2011 and 9/2012 on 12/2011 figures. (Exact figures will publish in the middle of May by BAT) ** Very Strong Estimate. Deposit Banks 2012 Exact Figures will Publish in the Middle of May by BAT. This Figure Calculated via increase rate of 9/2011 and 9/2012 on 12/2011 figures. 15 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo follow Bank Asya respectively. It is seen that Bank Asya has the highest average increase rate for last six years. The second performance is belonging to KuveytTürk. Table 9/a Funds Utilized by Participation Banks 2007-2012 (1000TL) END OF YEAR Average 2007-2012 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 ALBARAKA TÜRK 5.644.337 9.075.183 7.273.906 6.269.485 4.675.617 3.716.977 2.854.852 BANK ASYA 9.871.255 16.085.168 13.141.380 10.916.732 8.221.427 6.253.160 4.609.665 KUVEYT TÜRK 6.916.123 11.848.419 10.360.917 6.984.989 4.904.932 4.237.341 3.160.138 TÜRKİYE FİNANS 8.092.604 12.971.058 10.327.232 7.913.437 7.109.233 5.526.380 4.708.285 TOTAL SUM 30.524.319 49.979.828 41.103.435 32.084.643 24.911.209 19.733.858 15.332.940 Table9/b Increase Rate from Previous Year at Funds Utilized by Participation Banks 2007-2012 END OF YEAR ALBARAKA TÜRK BANK ASYA KUVEYT TÜRK TÜRKİYE FİNANS Increase Rate From Prev.Year Total Sum 26% Average 200728% 37% 36% 23% 2012 2012 16% 48% 28% 0% 0% 2011 16% 20% 48% 31% 28% 2010 34% 33% 42% 11% 29% 2009 26% 31% 16% 29% 26% 2008 30% 36% 34% 17% 29% 2007 44% 51% 47% 49% 46% Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2012-2013) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012-2013). Growth of Net Profit Table10/aGrowth of Net Profit, 2007-2012 (1000TL) END OF YEAR Average 2007-2012 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 ALBARAKA TÜRK 135.655 191.835 160.870 134.379 105.626 136.242 84.979 BANK ASYA 239.265 190.392 216.090 259.962 301.281 246.529 221.337 KUVEYT TÜRK 151.698 250.156 195.042 159.648 127.133 104.086 74.123 TÜRKİYE FİNANS 199.942 283.573 231.587 205.529 171.388 160.633 146.943 TOTAL SUM 726.561 915.956 803.589 759.518 705.428 647.490 527.382 Table 10/b Increase Rate from Previous Year at Net Profit, 2007-2012 (1000TL) ALBARAKA BANK KUVEYT TÜRKİYE Increase Rate From TÜRK ASYA TÜRK FİNANS Prev.Year Total Sum Average 2007-2012 21% 7% 41% 13% 16% 2012 19% -12% 28% 22% 14% 2011 20% -17% 22% 13% 6% 2010 27% -14% 26% 20% 8% 2009 -22% 22% 22% 7% 9% 2008 60% 11% 40% 9% 23% 2007 22% 51% 105% 5% 35% Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2012) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012). END OF YEAR 16 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Looking at deposit banks for the 2007-2012 periods, their profit increased by %71 from 2007 to 2012, and reached to 23 billion TL in 2012. Increase rate of participant banks total net profit is %74 from the end of 2007 to the end of 2012. The rate of participation bank’s is a little higher than deposit banks. In terms of average profit per bank, deposit banks have too high figures compared to participation banks naturally. However it is also obvious that average scales, branch numbers and history of deposit banks are above participation banks. TürkiyeFinans has the biggest share in total profitability of total participating banks at the end of 2011. Bank Asya, KuveytTürk and Al Baraka follow it respectively. Furthermore, KuveytTürk has the highest average net profit increase rate among the others. KuveytTürk has more stable rates at the last six years. Year Table11 Net Profit/Loss of Deposit Banks for the Year, 2007-2012 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012* Total Inc.Rate 13.467.940 11.851.867 18.489.700 20.518.216 19.849.000 23.064.743 16,2 -12 56 11 -3 Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2012) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012). Growth of Asset (Equity Capital) Looking at the table regarding the equity capital growth, it is seen that participation banks increased their equity in 2012 212% according to the 2007. Looking at deposit banks for the 2007-2012 periods, their equity capital increased by 129 % from 2007 to 2012. Table12/aGrowth of Equity Capital, 2007-2012 (1000TL) END OF YEAR Average 2007-2012 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 ALBARAKA TÜRK 826.295 1.218.333 1.004.251 852.635 710.666 638.102 533.780 BANK ASYA KUVEYT TÜRK TÜRKİYE FİNANS 1.732.301 2.349.273 2.137.426 1.941.667 1.707.894 1.403.692 853.856 1.043.379 1.684.037 1.437.978 1.256.685 807.312 685.679 388.583 1.321.276 2.125.162 1.613.659 1.406.096 1.193.692 1.001.456 587.592 TOTAL SUM 4.923.251 7.376.805 6.193.314 5.457.083 4.419.564 3.728.929 2.363.811 Table 12/b Increase Rate from Previous Year at Equity Capital, 2007-2012 (1.000TL) ALBARAKA BANK KUVEYT TÜRKİYE Increase Rate From TÜRK ASYA TÜRK FİNANS Prev.Year Total Sum Average 2007-2012 35% 26% 39% 31% 31% 2012 21% 10% 17% 32% 19% 2011 18% 10% 14% 15% 13% 2010 20% 14% 56% 18% 23% 2009 11% 22% 18% 19% 19% 2008 20% 64% 76% 70% 58% 2007 117% 35% 55% 35% 52% Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2012) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012). END OF YEAR * This Figure Strong Estimate. Calculated via increase rate of 9/2011 and 9/2012 on 12/2011 figures. (Exact figures will publish in the middle of May by BAT) 17 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Bank Asya has the biggest share in total equity capital of total participating banks at the end of 2012. TürkiyeFinans, KuveytTürk and Al Baraka follow it respectively. Furthermore, KuveytTürk has the highest average equity capital increase rate among the others. KuveytTürk has biggest equity growing rate at the last six years. Table13Equity Growth of Deposit Banks,2007-2012(1.000 TL) Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012* Total 64.533.482 72.060.575 93.832.584 114.978.956 123.007.000 147.585.754 12 30 23 7 20 Inc.Rate Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2012) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012) (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2013) Growth of Total Assets Table14/a Growth of Total Assets in Participation Banks, 2007- 2012 (1000TL) END OF YEAR Average 2007-2012 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 ALBARAKA TÜRK 7.681.482 12.327.654 10.460.885 8.406.301 6.414.914 4.789.108 3.690.029 BANK ASYA 13.178.446 21.390.024 17.190.099 14.513.419 11.608.955 8.108.129 6.260.048 KUVEYT TÜRK 10.012.683 18.910.513 14.897.592 9.727.117 6.904.526 5.768.034 3.868.318 TÜRKİYE FİNANS 10.542.867 17.616.504 13.528.353 10.691.860 8.699.643 7.104.156 5.616.687 TOTAL SUM 41.415.478 70.244.695 56.076.929 43.338.697 33.628.038 25.769.427 19.435.082 Table 14/b Increase Rate from Previous Year at Total Assets in Participation Banks,200712(1000TL) ALBARAKA BANK KUVEYT TÜRKİYE Increase Rate From TÜRK ASYA TÜRK FİNANS Prev.Year Total Sum Average 2007-2012 27% 32% 37% 27% 31% 2012 18% 24% 27% 30% 25% 2011 3% 18% 53% 27% 29% 2010 31% 25% 41% 23% 29% 2009 34% 43% 20% 22% 30% 2008 30% 30% 49% 26% 33% 2007 48% 50% 32% 36% 42% Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2012) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012). END OF YEAR When we look at the table of growth of assets, it is seen that participation banks provide in the 2007-2012 period according to deposit banks. Participation banks increased their total assets 261% owing to deposit banks increased their total assets 119%. Bank Asya has the biggest asset among participation banks, which is followed by KuveytTürk at the end of 2012. * This Figure Strong Estimate. Calculated via increase rate of 9/2011 and 9/2012 on 12/2011 figures. (Exact figures will publish in the middle of May by BAT) 18 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Similarly in this case, KuveytTürk has the highest average increase rate for 2007-2012 periods. Bank Asya, Al Baraka and TürkiyeFinans follow it respectively Table15 Growth of Total Assets in Deposit Banks, 2007- 2012 Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012* Total 542.293.125 682.936.916 771.511.791 930.947.266 1.119.911.000 1.190.124.718 26 13 21 20 6,3 Inc.Rate Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2012) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012). Table 16The Shares of Participation Banks within the Sector Year Sector 2012 1.315.759 Deposit Banks Total Ratio in Assets the Sector 1.190.125 90,5% * 1.119.911 92,0% Dev. and Inv. Banks Total Ratio in Assets the Sector 55.389* 4,2% Participation Banks Total Ratio in the Assets Sector 70.245 5,3%** 2.01 1.217.695 41.636 3,4% 56.148 4,6% 1 2.01 1.006.667 932.371 92,6% 30.958 3,1% 43.339 4,3% 0 2.00 834.014 773.357 92,7% 27.029 3,2% 33.628 4,0% 9 2.00 732.536 683.823 93,4% 22.943 3,1% 25.770 3,5% 8 2.00 581.606 543.272 93,4% 18.888 3,2% 19.445 3,3% 7 Source: Collected from data provided by (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2011) (BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey, 2012) (PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, 2012). Share in the Sector 6.00% 4.00% 2.00% Share in the Sector 0.00% The table clearly shows that The Participation banks have increased the theirs shares in the sector. While the share of Participation banks is %3,3 in 2007, the share reaches to %5,3 in the end of 2012. The increasing rate of sector share is %61 as a number. * This Figure Strong Estimate. Calculated via increase rate of 9/2011 and 9/2012 on 12/2011 figures. (Exact figures will publish in the middle of May by BAT) ** Very Strong Estimate. Deposit Banks Exact Figures will Publish in the Middle of May. 19 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo VI. Conclusions Participation banks, with their old name Special Finance Houses, are institutions collecting funds similar to deposit through private current accounts and accounts giving right to profit/loss participation, and utilizing funds through methods such as production support, partnership of profit and loss, leasing, document against payment. In Turkey, the foundation of these institutions has been allowed since 1984. Their number which has increased to 6 decreased to 4 eventually parallel to the consolidation of deposit banks. However growth of volume and branch number in the finance sector especially in the last years is also extremely valid for these institutions. Their share is small today in total sector but it grows in a stable manner with their higher growth rate than other banks. In 2001, participation banks had total asset amount of 2,4 billion TL which meant a share of 1,08 % in the total assets of the sector. These amounts and shares were 7,3 billion TL and 2,34 % in 2004, 13.730 billion TL and 2,83 % in 2006, 25.769 billion TL and % 3,64 in 2008, and 56.148 billion TL and 5,3 % as of the end of 2012.  These companies which are subject to most limitations of general arrangements and loan limitations in the Banking Act no. 5411 differ from deposit banks at most in terms of that they don’t undertake the risk of interest. Because these kinds of banks don’t undertake the risk of interest which is one of the greatest risks which have to be managed in banking sector, we can talk about an asset-liability balance which is less sensitive to financial crisis. However not to undertake the risk of interest, in these kinds of banks, differently from deposit banks, eliminates the opportunity to obtain sudden and high institutional profit based on interest rate difference.  Putting three public banks and one SIDF bank aside, while 28 private deposit banks have 254 branches on an average, each of 4 participation banks has 207 branches on an average. However in terms of the increase rate of branches from 2007 to 2012, it is seen that participation banks reached almost three times bigger increase rate of branch numbers than deposit banks.  Increase rate of loan-fund utilization from the end of 2007 to the end of 2012 of participation banks higher than deposit bank’s rate. They are 226% and 166 % respectively.  Total net profits increasing rate of participant is %74 from the end of 2007 to the end of 2012. Looking at deposit banks for the 2007-2012 period, their profit increased by %71 from 2007 to 2012, and reached to 18,2 billion TL in 2011. The rate of participation banks is a little higher than deposit banks. In terms of average profit per bank, deposit banks have too high figures compared to participation banks naturally. However it is also obvious that average scales, branch numbers and history of deposit banks are above participation banks  It is seen that participation banks increased their equity in 2012 212% according to the 2007. Looking at deposit banks for the 2007-2012 periods, their equity capital increased by 129 % from 2007 to 2012. The difference between them is important.  Thus those given results also all support our thesis in this paper.  Meanwhile, the participation banks also have some problems for instance they have needed such as the Interbank systems which provide urgent proper credits for the depository banks in the short run. Whereas, this situation negatively hinders the participation banks performance. Because they are sharing nearly all of their funds 20 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo for the creditors or investors who uses them for leasing, production, sales, trade, export and imports which composed the real sector of the economy.  For that reason it is very vital interest for the participation banks forming the similar interbank system which would increases their customers and operational transactions, too. For instance, the establishment of guaranty insurance system among the participation banks positively influenced their expansion in the market.  Nevertheless, the depository banks they are the corporations so their rulers and executive bodies are responsible fully form their operations and in any case, the state quarantined their possible bankruptcy situations, but in the Participation Banking systems there was no such kind of full responsibility or insurance system in their financial credit operations because of joint losses or gains. In both theory and practice there is a legal gap that is why it leaded to some corruptions and abuses, the participation banks and companies in Turkey and European countries, too. This problem has been partially solved for Turkey. Those banks and companies forced to adopt the status and the legal structural establishment of banks and companies. Some of them applied to be part of the Capital Stock Exchange Market. That is why they could be checked and controlled by the state audit system.  This study examines the case of each participation bank among each other. The tables and figures show the each participation bank ordering at 9 different criteria. In conclusion, Bank Asya is the leader among the four banks in the eight criteria,TürkiyeFinans is the first profitable bank.  This study examines the more important thing for these banks. The average increasing rate for last five years has been calculated in this study. This figures show that KuveytTürk Participation Bank has the highest average in the almost all of criteria.  This study shows that The Participation banks have increased the theirs shares in the sector also. While the share of Participation banks is %3,3 in 2007, the share reaches to %5,3 in the end of 2012. The increasing rate of sector share is %61 as a number. References Ahmad, A., Humayoun, A. A., & Hassan, U. u. (2010). An Analysis of Functions Performed by Islamic Bank: A Case of Pakistan. European Journal of Social Sciences, 17 (1), 7-12. Akın, C. (1986). Faizsiz Bankacılık ve Kalkınma. İstanbul: Kayıhan Yayınları. Albaraka Türk – About Us. (2010). Retrieved 12 23, 2010, from Albaraka Türk: http://www.albaraka.com.tr/bizi_taniyin/detay.aspx?SectionID=AvW7CcOUELQ lQzfWvBQMfQ%3d%3d&ContentID=SjpzafdvjZK8baQMqwSZQQ%3d%3d BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey. (2008). Bankalarımız 2007. İstanbul: Türkiye Bankalar Birliği. BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey. (2009). Bankalarımız 2008. İstanbul: Türkiye Bankalar Birliği. BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey. (2010). Bankalarımız 2009. İstanbul: Türkiye Bankalar Birliği. 21 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey. (2011). Bankalarımız 2010. İstanbul: Türkiye Bankalar Birliği. BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey. (2012). Bankalarımız 2011. İstanbul: Türkiye Bankalar Birliği. BAT, The Bank Association of Turkey. (2013). 2012 3.Quarter Information. İstanbul: Türkiye Bnk. Birl. http://www.tbb.org.tr/Dosyalar/istatistiki_raporlar/3_Aylik_Banka_Bilgileri_(Son_Donem _Karsilastirmali)_/1210/Ekler/Turkiye_Bankacilik_Sistemi-Eylul_2012.pdf Battal, A. (2007). Bankacılık Kanunu Şerhi (2 ed.). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık. Bilgin Tevfik(2011), The Head of the BRSA, Conferences on The Union of Participation Banks, İstanbul, 18.05.2011. Burton, M., Nasiba, R., & Brown, B. (2009). An Introduction to Financial Markets and Institutions (Second ed.). USA: M.E.Sharpe. Canbaş, S., & Doğukanlı, H. (2007). Finansal Pazarlar-Finansal Kurumlar ve Sermaye Pazarı Analizleri (4 ed.). Adana, Turkey: Karahan Kitabevi. Central Bank of Republic of Turkey, C. B. (2005). Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası, “Finansal İstikrar Raporu 2005”, Ankara; http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/evds/yayin/finist/bolumII.pdf, 28.06.2010. Retrieved 6 28, 2010, from Central Bank of Republic of Turkey: http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/evds/yayin/finist/bolumII.pdf Chong, B. S., & Liu, M. H. (2009). Islamic banking: Interest-free or interest-based? Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 17, 125–144. Küçükkocaoğlu, G. (2010, 6 28). İslami Bankalar ve İslami Finans Kurumları.Retrieved from http://www.baskent.edu.tr/~gurayk/finpazcuma17.doc Malik, A., & Malik, M. S. (2011). An Analysis of Islamic Banking and Finance in West From Lagging to Leading. Asian Social Science, 7 (1), 179-186. Mishkin, F. S., & Eakins, S. G. (2009). Financial Markets and Institutions (Sixth ed.). Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall. Moles, P., & Tery, N. (1999). The Handbook of International Financial Terms. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Omar, M. W., & Ali, M. N. (2010). Brand Loyalty and Relationship Marketing in Islamic Banking System. Canadian Social Science, 6 (1), 25-32. Parasız, İ. (2009). Para Banka ve Finansal Piyasalar (9 ed.). Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi. 22 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo PBAT, The Participation Banks Association of Turkey. (2010). Türkiye Katılım Bankaları Birliği. Retrieved 06 28, 2010, from Statistics: http://www.tkbb.org.tr/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogsection&id=30 &Itemid=382 Rose, P. S., & Marquis, M. H. (2009). Money and Capital Markets (Tenth ed.). Singapore: Mc Graw Hill. Saunders, A., & Cornett, M. M. (2004). Financial Markets and Institutions (Fourth ed.). Sigapore: Mc Graw Hill. Sayım, F. & Alakel, M. (2011). The Participation Banking And Its Comparison With Deposit Banking In The Turkish Finance Market, Scientific Journal European Integration Studies, Kaunas University Of Technology Institute Of Europe, No:5, 152-164 (*This study contains only 2007-2009 year in the sector.) The History of Kuveyt Türk. (2010). Retrieved 12 22, 2010, from Kuveyt Türk Participation Bank: http://www.kuveytturk.com.tr/tr/Hakkimizda_Tarihce.aspx The Participation Banks Association of Turkey, T. (2008). Türk Finans Sisteminde Katılım Bankaları. Türkiye Katılım Bankaları Birliği. The Participation Banks Association of Turkey-FAQ. (2010, 12 28). Retrieved 2010, from The Participation Banks Association of Turkey: http://www.tkbb.org.tr/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=4 6&Itemid=83 Yılmaz, O. N. (2010). Faizsiz Bankacılık İlkeleri ve Katılım Bankacılığı. Antalya, Turkey: Türkiye Katılım Bankaları Birliği. 23 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1505 Title A name given to the resource A Different Banking Methods and the Developing in the Turkish Finance Market-Turkish Participation Banking For 2007-2012 Author Author SAYIM, Ferhat Abstract A summary of the resource. Financial systems and institutions has become the most important reason in the fragility of world economic system. The formation and development process of the financial structure also constitutes the infrastructure of the world economic system. The course of the financial system and development has led to debate with the financial crisis in 2008-2011. One of the discussion topics in order to eliminate problems caused by the conventional banking system is alternative financing systems. In Turkey, the corporations based on profit share system which are named participation based banking spotlight, if the alternative banking systems are considered. These banks which determine different principles in the risk distribution of the portfolio acquired are analyzed more nowadays. Participation based banks are placed in almost every regulation related to banking terms and get their legal infrastructure more stable in the banking legislation of Turkey. This study is a 2007-2012 part of research series. We try to find out the place and the importance of participation based banking with the various sub-headings especially in Turkey. We examine the comparative review 2007-2012 data of participation banks which Collected Turkish Currency and Foreign Currency Funds, Bank Loan Funds, Total Assets, Equity and Net Profit figures for the four participation banks in Turkey. We are comparing the total figures with deposit banks for the same period. One of our primary goals in this essay, to study in the framework of the alternatives of the financial institutions and options. These options could be asserted as a vibrant and viable well established choice as a nonwestern model- different from the classical western interest based dominant banking system in the globe. Moreover, that participation banking systems’ grow and increase with its resourceful bulk of transactions and shares within the financial market. In addition, we intended to delineate the basic functioning structures, rules, norms, principles, procedures, operations of that alternate banking system in the financial market.After that, we have applied as a descriptive, explanatory, discursive and comparative analytic methodology to expound the matter in detail. Having gathered literature reviews then we have concentrated on Turkey as a model state in that banking system practice; at which, what kind of instruments and tools used by referring basic indicators, data and information related to the growth, flourish and share of that sector within the total banking and financial system in Turkey. Furthermore, that participation banking system positions, researched in the country. Thus, it is explicated more concerns on by investigating its credits, deposits, financing formulation systems and commitments with the banks, customers and investors of the alternate banking system in the country’s financial order. At last, we have attempted to clarify and summarize the concepts, definitions, expositions, demonstrations, rules, assets, liabilities, equities etc.. by giving special cultural internalizations about the organizational and operational activities of the participation banks both similarities and discrepancies, too; so as to draw the attentions of the new researchers and studies in that situation. Keywords: Bank, Finance Market, Finance Sector, Participation Bank, Islamic Bank, Interest Free Banking, Alternative Banking System. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 827 Title A name given to the resource A discussion of the Teaching Process within the Instruction on Reading Poems Author Author Dincer, Figun Abstract A summary of the resource. Poetry courses are taught in Foreign Language Teacher Education Departments either independently (the Uludag University case) or within the framework of general literature courses. The relevant sources benefited from in such courses may initially aim to teach how to read poems before such poetry elements as tone, diction etc. (DiYanni, 2000). In the model recommended, experiencing poems with subjective responses is given priority while interpreting them with intellectual processes seems to be the following step of reading poems (DiYanni, 2000: 1, 2). In foreign language contexts like Turkey, imposing this order has been observed to be problematic as learners and/or teacher trainees inherently tend to do reasoning to understand a poem before subjectively relating it to their own lives mainly because of the elliptical, metaphorical and allusive language of poetry (Brindley, 1980) and cultural vagueness (Zelenkova, 2004). In this regard, the central thesis and pedagogical implication of this discussion paper is that the interpretation section should take precedence when to approach a new poem as that is what would conform with the natural tendency of foreign language learners and the teaching processes to guide the learners should be accordingly planned and implemented. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://eprints.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7f1b0e8dbc521f7b76bf046c1a7b3656.docx 36f587c23f494df393cd8a9b23c77dd3 https://eprints.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/947f380c489f1744693765428a478191.pdf 396f1493a321a0094c6e84f80994fdfd PDF Text Text A Field Research about Oppression Incurred Upon Woman Entrepreneurs in Patriarchal Societies Metin Uluköy Balıkesir University Turkey mulukoy@hotmail.com Yavuz Akçi Adıyaman University Turkey yavuzakci@gmail.com Abstract: In societies where men are dominant, women generally live under the domination of men. In these societies; women do not think, produce and express an opinion. According to man; woman does household chores, take care of children and provide fundamental requirements of man. Women have recently started to involve more in societies because of development of information, technology and education system and raising economic level of societies. This situation made the effect of man domination decrease significantly. It is especially seen that women recently trust themselves more and start entrepreneurship activities to gain economic independence. Technological advancements, increase in education levels and government policies aimed at women caused this situation. How was seen entrance of women into business life by man and which type of pressures were implemented to women entrepreneurs were needed to be as research topic, so this study was done. For this purpose, a survey which consists of 13 questions was prepared by making literature review. The questionnaire included both entrepreneurship qualities and difficulties which were faced by woman entrepreneurs. The questionnaire was conducted to those women who constructed a business in Adiyaman and Balikesir. It was reached 84 woman entrepreneurs who met the requirements and face to face questionnaires were conducted. Analyses were done by entering data to SPSS 20.0 program data file. Reliability of measurement (Cronbach’s Alpha) was seen as 0,818 in these analyses. It was seen that being innovative and having high self confidence are becoming prominent characteristics in question which is related to the qualities which must entrepreneurs have. It was also seen that they used mainly equity in establishment of their businesses. Also, KOSGEB and Micro credit possibilities were utilized by them. In addition, it was seen that woman entrepreneurs did not suffer oppression in establishment and operation of their businesses. It was seen that there is not significant differences between various demographic attributes with entrepreneur skills and oppression with initiative barriers of woman entrepreneurs. The result of this study is expected to promote and encourage woman entrepreneur candidates. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial Characteristics, Entrepreneurship suppression, Entrepreneurship Education. Women Entrepreneurs, 163 �163 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2643 Title A name given to the resource A Field Research about Oppression Incurred Upon Woman Entrepreneurs in Patriarchal Societies Author Author ULUKOY, Metin AKCI, Yavuz Abstract A summary of the resource. In societies where men are dominant, women generally live under the domination of men. In these societies; women do not think, produce and express an opinion. According to man; woman does household chores, take care of children and provide fundamental requirements of man. Women have recently started to involve more in societies because of development of information, technology and education system and raising economic level of societies. This situation made the effect of man domination decrease significantly. It is especially seen that women recently trust themselves more and start entrepreneurship activities to gain economic independence. Technological advancements, increase in education levels and government policies aimed at women caused this situation. How was seen entrance of women into business life by man and which type of pressures were implemented to women entrepreneurs were needed to be as research topic, so this study was done. For this purpose, a survey which consists of 13 questions was prepared by making literature review. The questionnaire included both entrepreneurship qualities and difficulties which were faced by woman entrepreneurs. The questionnaire was conducted to those women who constructed a business in Adiyaman and Balikesir. It was reached 84 woman entrepreneurs who met the requirements and face to face questionnaires were conducted. Analyses were done by entering data to SPSS 20.0 program data file. Reliability of measurement (Cronbach’s Alpha) was seen as 0,818 in these analyses. It was seen that being innovative and having high self confidence are becoming prominent characteristics in question which is related to the qualities which must entrepreneurs have. It was also seen that they used mainly equity in establishment of their businesses. Also, KOSGEB and Micro credit possibilities were utilized by them. In addition, it was seen that woman entrepreneurs did not suffer oppression in establishment and operation of their businesses. It was seen that there is not significant differences between various demographic attributes with entrepreneur skills and oppression with initiative barriers of woman entrepreneurs. The result of this study is expected to promote and encourage woman entrepreneur candidates. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial Characteristics, Women Entrepreneurs, Entrepreneurship suppression, Entrepreneurship Education. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General)