17 10 3494 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3349 Title A name given to the resource BREAKING FRAME IN MAKING HUMOR - ON THE DISCOURSE OF SATIRE Author Author Maslo, Adi Abstract A summary of the resource. The paper focuses on a thoroughly pervasive logical and linguistic device – framing. We will see how framing is performed in the discourse of satire and how it contributes to the humorous effect thereof. The analysis will be done on a very specific satiric corpus i.e. The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. Throughout the end of the paper it will be shown how humor arises with the breaking of frames (Goffman, 1974), and consequently leads to successful satire. Stemming from the very nature of the corpus in question, a latenight TV show, three instances of breaking frame were determined: linguistic, logical, and visual. Keywords: frame, breaking frame, satire, cognitive linguistics, GTVH, humor research, The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://eprints.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8b8fbcc80978c1118a95c22f14056409.pdf bc7c62aa214fb804fc0b28d7f67d9111 PDF Text Text ��  �   �40,0 35,0 30,0 Raw materials Labour-intensive 25,0 20,0 15,0 10,0 5,0 0,0 Capital-intensive Technologyintensive, easily imitable Technologyintensive, difficultly imitable ������0,3 0,25 Albania 0,2 Bosnia & H. Croatia 0,15 Montenegro 0,1 Serbia (& M.) Macedonia 0,05 0 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 �0,12 Albania 0,1 Bosnia & H. 0,08 Croatia 0,06 Montenegro 0,04 Serbia (& M.) 0,02 Macedonia 0 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 ����� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3341 Title A name given to the resource Trade liberalisation and product structure: the case of the Western Balkans Author Author Molendowski, Edward Klimczak, Łukasz Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract This paper addresses an important issue of an impact of trade liberalisation on export structure and product concentration, which, according to contemporary findings, have a strong influence on the dynamics of an economic growth. The analysis covers the region of the Western Balkans (WB) in years 1995 – 2013 with an emphasis on Stabilisation and Association Process (SAP) and CEFTA-2006 agreement, which formed the basis for the trade liberalisation in the region. The empirical results provide evidence that is in contrary to the evidence from other countries where trade liberalisation resulted in their deepened specialisation in production and export of raw materials and labour-intensive goods. Moreover, liberalisation processes turned out not to have had much impact on product concentration of the WB’s trade. Finally, substitutability of capital and labour factors in the production process of exported goods was confirmed. Key words: Western Balkans, international trade, trade Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3614 Title A name given to the resource ANALYSIS OF THE GROWTH ACCELERATION PHENOMENA WITHINH BOSNIAN AND HERZEGOVINIANS BORN BETWEEN 1991-1995 Author Author Mrehic, Elma Abstract A summary of the resource. Study was conducted from October 2014 till March 2015. Youth born in 1991-1995 during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina were an object of this analysis. Prerequisite was that they were born in Bosnia and Herzegovina and that they spent the rest of the war in the country. A total sample size was 1012 young people from which 596 females and 416 males, 20-24 years old. They were subjected to self reported measurements of body weight and body height to identify and analyze the main indicators of growth and development considering that the population spent part of their life in the extremely adverse conditions of the four year aggression on Bosnia and Herzegovina. The average body height in females was 167,37±6,00 cm and in males 182,77±6,57 cm. We performed our male data comparison with first measurements of the 20-24 years old Bosnian soldiers from 1895. Average body height of Bosnian soldiers in Austro-Hungarian army was 172, 35 ± 5,54 cm. Difference between these two groups was t=31,17 and statistical significance is p<0,01. The average body weight of males born from 1992-1995 was 82,02±11,69 kg, and average body weight of females 59,28±7,35 kg. Regardless of the war conditions in which young people are born and grown up, we can conclude that Bosnia and Herzegovina follows the trend of growth acceleration. Improving the life conditions in the period of 100 years has led to the fact that there has been an increase in body height. In comparing with an average body height of other European countries, we can conclude that the studied population belongs to a very high nation. Keywords: anthropometry, growth acceleration, Bosnian and Herzegovinian population Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Thesis NonPeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://eprints.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6d8f46a65b1c64bf6441276edeca0389.docx 2463ff5b39dc9a422adbd58c90955644 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3625 Title A name given to the resource The Application of Jus Cogens Norms in UN Peacekeeping Missions: A Possible Source of Conflict with the UN Charter? Author Author Muharemović, Mahir Abstract A summary of the resource. Summary: Peacekeeping missions represent an important and significant part in the United Nations (UN) security system. Although this peacekeeping missions (PKM) aim to protect human rights, maintain security and peace, within this operations regularly human rights violations and other misconduct by peacekeepers is reported. In the Nuhanovic case (2011) the Dutch Court of Appeals, as the first national court, used the effective control test which confirmed the principle that troop- contributing states can be liable for internationally wrongful acts of their troops who are embedded in the UN peacekeepers. This case represents a key shift in the theory and practice when dealing with state liability for human rights violations attributable to states operating under an international organisation. This article has created a more creative approach, to the complex matter of liability in UN PKM, even going further then the Dutch courts did, showing that jus cogens norms, have priority over all other international law and that troop contributing states can always rely on this concept when engaging their troops through UN PKM. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Social Sciences Research Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed K Law (General) https://eprints.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/eb0dfd4dd166d22e69216bbb48e9f80e.docx af14512e33e206e315928e37579114db Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3620 Title A name given to the resource Zastara potraživanja u pravnom sistemu Bosne i Hercegovine - de lege lata i de lege ferenda Author Author Mutapčić, Hamid Abstract A summary of the resource. Sažetak: Entitetski zakoni o obligacionim odnosima, kao osnovni pravni propisi koji regulišu institut zastare, predviđaju različita rješenja po pitanju općeg zastarnog roka, što je neodrživo sa stanovišta ustavno pravnih rješenja koja proizilaze iz čl. I/4. Ustava Bosne i Hercegovine. U radu se ukazuje na neusaglašenost takvih odredaba, kao i na štetne posljedice njihove primjene. Predmet posebne analize jesu odredbe koje propisuju pravila o otvrđenju početka zastarnog roka, kao i odredbe koje propisuju zastoj zastarnog roka za vrijeme u kojem povjerilac nije u mogućnosti zbog nesavladivih prepreka zahtijevati ispunjenje obaveze od dužnika. Ovo iz razloga što su navedene odredbe, zbog svoje nepreciznosti i nedorečenosti, generirale pojavu različitih pravnih shvatanja i neujednačene sudske prakse na prostoru zemalja bivše Jugoslavije, u kojima se primjenjuje/se primjenjivao Zakon o obligacionim odnosima iz 1978. godine. U parlamentarnu proceduru Bosne i Hercegovine upućen je Prijedlog novog Zakona o obligacionim odnosima, kojim se na jedinstven način regulišu instituti obligacionog prava u oba bosanskohercegovačka entiteta. Ovaj zakonski tekst predviđa neka nova rješenja u pogledu zastarjelosti potraživanja. U radu je izvršena analiza i kvalitativna ocjena takvih rješenja, te se ukazuje na nužnost izmjena i dopuna i onih odredaba koje svojim kvalitetom ne zadovoljavaju potrebe savremenog pravnog prometa. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Social Sciences Research Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-6281 K Law (General) https://eprints.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a22c8c9d10329ca86d4e6b46bef14e00.pdf 5c57ec5d1b19a37cbf1dfaae87c1a984 PDF Text Text Journal of Economic and Social Studies Personality Characteristics and Emotional Intelligence Levels of Millenials: A Study in Turkish Context Guven Ordun Faculty of Business Administration Istanbul University Turkey guven.ordun@gmail.com Asli Akun Faculty of Business Administration Istanbul University Turkey akun.asli@gmail.com Abstract: The purpose of the study is twofold. The first purpose of the study is to investigate the relations between personality characteristics and emotional intelligence of the Millennials. Costa and McCrea’s Big Five Personality Inventory (IPIP-NEO) is used to measure the personality characteristics of the millenials. Emotional intelligence dimensions are measured by Wong and Law emotional intelligence scale (WLEIS). Secondary purpose of the study is to find self-evaluations of the Millenials related with their characteristics. Roger’s Q-Sort Scale is used to find out Millenials self perceptions. An advantage of the Q-Sort Scale is that it offers straightforward assumptions about the underlying structure of a concept within demographical segments. Results reveal that use of emotion is positively correlated with conscientiousness whereas regulation of emotion is negatively correlated with Neuroticism. Furthermore, personality characteristics have effects on emotional intelligence dimensions. The effects are much more significant for regulation and use of emotions dimensions. These dimensions are assumed to be important determinants of performance within organizations so it is important to analyze the personality constructs associated with them. Depending on their self-perceptions, millienials evaluate themselves relatively high on positive traits (e.g. honest, outgoing, etc.) and low on negative traits (e.g. unhelpful, dishonest, etc.). Regarding personality characteristics, they evaluated themselves highest in openness and lowest in neuroticism. Millenials will be the dominating workforce for the upcoming years, so if they are willing to establish high performance relations, managers should better understand Millenial characteristics and perspective. Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2015 Keywords: Millenials, Personality Characteristics, Emotional Intelligence JEL Classification: J13, M14, Z13 Article History Submitted: 21 June 2015 Resubmitted: 11 January 2016 Accepted: 04 February 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.14706/JECO SS16614 125 �Guven Ordun, Asli Akun Introduction Emotions can be explained by psysiological changes in the body, cognitions, learning processes, personality, social relations, experiences, psychological conditions, cultural practices, and are grounded in daily life (Strongman, 2003). Emotional intelligence is described as monitoring and evaluating one’s own emotions, monitoring and evaluating emotions of others, regulating and using them (Hartel, et al. 2005). Whereas, cognitive intelligence is associated with the factual information about people, things, events, time, and place, emotional intelligence deals with the antecedents and mutual relations between these aspects of life (Terrell & Hughes, 2008). Personality can be defined as distinctive and stable ways of behavior (Ewen, 2010). Emotions and personality are known to be intertwined with each other. Some researches in the field (e.g. Caruso et al., 2002; Ghiabi & Besharat, 2011) have revealed that, there are significant relations between personality dimensions and emotional intelligence dimensions. This study aims to search this relation on millenials. Twenge (2009) discussed that the generation a person belongs to, can be slightly more influence on the person than his/her family. She added that it is essential to recognize the own realities of each and every generation within various contexts (Twenge, 2009). Millenials in Istanbul, Turkey are subjects of this research. However; the findings may be relevant in other cultures’s generations within the limitations of specific historical, social, and economic conditions. Theoretical Background Assesment of Personality Personality has been studied thoroughly throughout the years and researchers have stated theories about personality. The psychodynamic perspective explains the effect of the unconscious, below the surface on the structure and development of personality, whereas the humanistic perspective underlines the positive human nature and self-actualizing capability on the structure and development of personality. The trait approach emphasizes the effect of conscious, above the surface and behavior patterns on the structure and development of personality, whereas the behaviorist theory focuses on the effect of environment and learning in shaping personality. Cognitive approach emphasizes the effect of mental processes on the structure and development of personality (Ewen, 2010). Although these approaches have some commonalities in themes such as unconscious, psychopathology, etc., they explain these themes and personality in different ways which may complement each other. In this study the contribution of trait approach to personality and 126 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Personality Characteristics and Emotional Intelligence Levels of Millenials: A Study in Turkish Context Roger’s, one of the well known names of humanistic approach, with his Q-sort test, and the contribution of behaviorist approach with its emphasis of the environment on human behavior, specifically from the cohort’s effect on personality characteristics of millenials can be understood. However, the contributions of psychodynamic perspective and cognitive perspective are not excluded in the sense that although they can not be measured in this research, they implicitly exist. Related with trait approach, many researchers in the field have searched for the personality factors and their measures. Especially the measure of Big Five that is composed of five factors, namely, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness is accepted as valid and reliable in various cultures (McCrea and Costa, 1997). Personality dimensions show disposition to coherent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions (McCrae, 2002). Revised Neo Personality Inventory assesses six specific lower level traits (facets) for each of the five function spheres or combinations of subset of attributes (domains), has been widely used (Costa & McCrae, 1995). Extraversion refers to being highly active, social and having positive feelings. Openness to experience represents the tendency to develop oneself in intellectual ways and to experience new ideas, things, people, etc. Agreeableness refers to kind, helping and thoughtful behavior. Conscientiousness is associated with determination, self-control, and achievement orientation. Neuroticism can be defined as the tendency to feel nervous, touchy, and badtempered (Furnham et al., 2003). In a study, the relationship between NEO-PI-R and MBTI that is derived from Jung’s types and developed by Myers was examined. According to the results, NEO-PI-R’s extraversion was correlated positively with MBTI’s extraversion and negatively correlated with introversion. MBTI’s sensingintuition type explains how people perceive information and openness was negatively associated with achieving information through senses and MBTI’ sensing and positively associated with discovering possibilities that are unobvious and MBTI’s intuition. MBTI’s thinking-feeling type describes how people judge information. Agreeableness was found out negatively related with analyzing and MBTI’s thinking and positively related with experiencing emotions and MBTI’s feeling. MBTI’s judging-perceiving type signifies how people comprehend and work with information. Conscientiousness was positively correlated with reaching conclusions and MBTI’s judging and negatively correlated with becoming aware and MBTI’s perceiving. MBTI’s extraversion-introversion type describes how mental orientation toward life is. Neuorticism was negatively related with MBTI’s extraversion and positively related with MBTI’s introversion (Furnham et al., 2003). Lately, The Revised Neo, modified in a more readable way, has been called as NEO-PI-3. It was Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 127 �Guven Ordun, Asli Akun found out to be psychometrically better even than sound NEO-PI-R and applicable to adolescent sample (McCrae, Costa & Martin, 2004). In this study, IPIP-NEO with 120 statements is used. This short verison of IPIP-NEO has been found out valid and reliable (Johnson, 2014). Emotional Intelligence Emotions and motivation have the same Latin root of “move”. Not suprisingly, emotions influence people’s behaviors, choices, etc. People generally decide between moving toward to pleasure, moving away from pain, moving against obstacles, and stopping as focusing on and giving attention to what one is doing. Stopping is also a tactic that animals such as rabbits use to survive. Stopping requires a high degree of emotional intelligence to control automatic responses and impulses. People may develop stopping through meditation (Terrell & Hughes, 2008). Approaching from another perspective, deriving from the basics of relational emotive theraphy emotions are cognitions derived from one’s assessments of social environment that lead to certain feelings (Strongman, 2003). Deutschendorf (2009) provided historical background of emotional intelligence research. Researchers have worked on the types of intelligence since 1900s. BarOn developed one of the first valid tests in the field. In 1990 John Mayer, Peter Salovey, and David Caruso developed ability based emotional intelligence test. In 1995 Daniel Goleman published his book “Emotional Intelligence” that gained public interest and became a bestseller. In 1998, Goleman published his second book “Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace” which strenghtened the success and understanding of the concept (Deutschendorf, 2009). Salovey and Mayer (1990) view emotions as organized responses, crossing the boundaries of many psychological subsystems, including the physiological, cognitive, motivational, and experiential systems. Emotions typically arise in response to an event, either internal or external, that has a positively or negatively valenced meaning for the individual. Emotions can be distinguished from the closely related concept of mood in that emotions are shorter and generally more intense. Emotional intelligence is not about behaving in good manner or behaving accordingly only to one’s own intentions (Goleman, 1998). Emotional intelligence refers to recognizing one’s own emotions, emotions of others and managing emotions in social relations (Goleman, 1998). Goleman mentioned five main emotional and social abilities as self-awareness, self-regulation, internal motivation, empathy, and social skills (Goleman, 1998). 128 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Personality Characteristics and Emotional Intelligence Levels of Millenials: A Study in Turkish Context Emotional intelligence has also been researched in Turkish literature. Sahin et.al (2009) analyzed relations between emotional intelligence, stress tolerance and Type A Personality. Findings revealed that emotional intelligence is negatively correlated with Type A personality and positively correlated with stress tolerance. İsmen (2001) analyzed the relations between emotional intelligence and self evaluated problemsolving skills and specified a positive correlation between these concepts. Erkus and Gunlu (2008) found positive relations between emotional intelligence and dimensions of transformational leadership. Karahan and Yalcin (2009) examined the effect of emotional intelligence skills training program on emotional intelligence skills improvement by pretest-posttest design. Emotional intelligence was measured by Hall’s self-evaluation scale including emotional awareness, managing emotions, self-motivation, empathy, and coaching other people’s emotions dimensions. The study revealed that the program was indeed useful for developing emotional intelligence skills both in short and long-terms (Karahan & Yalcin, 2009). Personality and Emotional Intelligence In literature, there have been studies that investigated the relationships between personality dimensions and emotional intelligence. Ghiabi and Besharat (2011) found that emotional intelligence is positively related with extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, negatively related with neuroticisim. Furthermore, emotional intelligence was positively predicted by extraversion and negatively predicted by neuroticism. Extraversion is explained as an attribute, which eases experiencing pleasure and having positive emotions, with the effect of emotional intelligence, and it will lead to high quality relationships (Ghiabi and Besharat, 2011). Caruso, Mayer, and Salovey (2002) mentioned that ability based emotional intelligence measures are distinguishable from the personality measures in the sense that they measure an ability, a kind of intelligence. In their study they used multi factor emotional intelligence scale and 16 PF. The results showed that emotional intelligence positively correlated with sensivity primary factor and extraversion global factor (Caruso et al., 2002). Sudak and Zehir (2013) analyzed the relations between emotional intelligence, personality types and job satisfaction. Their findings have represented significant correlations between all dmiensions of personality and emotional intelligence. Highest positive correlation was between agreeableness and other emotional appraisal. Although personality and emotions have been investigated in literature, integration of the generation cohort to these dimensions is relatively few. Petrides et al. (2007) investigated the relation between personality characteristics and emotional intelligence. Their sample mean age was 25 Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 129 �Guven Ordun, Asli Akun and considered to be within the millennial cohort. They found significant relations between personality characteristics and emotional intelligence. Bergman et al. (2011) analyzed the relation between narcissism and social network usage of the millennial generation. Narcissism was not found to be as the main predictor of social network usage and discussed that millennials’ social network usage was not solely about attention seeking or maintaining self-esteem (a common stereotype for “Generation Me”), but also a means of connecting and communicating. Despite all common beliefs a comprehensive investigation is needed for milennial generation. Millenials as a Generation Cohort According to researchers, macro-level social, political and economic events that occur during the pre-adult years of a cohort result in a generational identity comprising a distinctive set of values, beliefs, expectations and behaviors. These values, beliefs, expectations and behaviors remain constant throughout a generation’s lifetime (Jackson et al., 2011). As generally accepted in the literature four major cohorts exist: Veterans were born between 1920 and 1945; Baby Boomers between 1946 and 1964; Generation X members were born between 1965 and 1980 and Generation Y between 1981 and 2000. Each generation has its own characteristics due to different economic, social, and political world events of their times. Great Depression and World War II in veteran’s generation, Civil Rights Movements and Cold War in baby boomers’ generation, Challenger explosion and Fall of Berlin Wall in Xers generation, and intense use of computers and multiculturalism in Y generation are among the striking events of their times (Zemke, et al., 2000). Regarding the general characteristics of Millenial generation, the most striking is that they are globally connected through Internet and social media (Ordun, 2015). When the literature about millennial cohort is analyzed, it seems that in different continents different aspects of the millenials’ attributes gained more attention for studying. In US the researches on millenials have concentrated on topics such as social media (e.g. Nusair et al., 2013), consumers (e.g. Wolf et al., 2005); in Europe main topics of research mostly focused on culture (e.g. Mihelcea et al. 2013) and communication and multilingualism (e.g. Sundberg, 2013); in Asia studies mostly focused on negotiation (e.g. Vieregge & Quick, 2010) and hospitality management (e.g. Kong et al., 2015); in Australia, domestic tourism (e.g. Gardiner et al., 2014); in Africa, technology (e.g. Dlodlo & Mahlangu, 2013). 130 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Personality Characteristics and Emotional Intelligence Levels of Millenials: A Study in Turkish Context Turkey is a transcontinental country between Europe and Asia. According to the historical perspective, post Republican era in Turkey witnessed important socio political events. Taking its roots from 1960s onwards, the political crisis and instability resulted in 1980 military coup (Kaya Ozcelik, 2011). Being sensitive to changes and developments in the world and specifically in Western societies, Turkish science and philosophy has also been affected. After 1980s, poverty, development, diversity and identity have mostly been emphasized. After 1990s globalization and postmodernity started to determine the sociologic agenda (Ozcan, 2009). Thus, the desired and undesired effects of the historical conditions on that current generation and the following generations have become inevitable. Depending on the problematic situations before 1980s upcoming generations were thought to be not interested in politics however recent events signified that Y generation university students have expressed their sociopolitical preferences through social media (Cakar Mengu, et al., 2015). Yuksekbilgili (2013) investigated the characteristics of millenials revealed in Turkey. The sample consisted of 603 millenials in Turkey and the findings revealed that they trust their technological abilities more than listening, effective communication, teamwork, and time management abilities. Millenails thought that they don’t have skills for managing communication with difficult people especially as they define themselves as impatient. Although they were not highly committed to their organizations they were willing to work more in order to get an early promotion. They also favor online shopping (Yuksekbilgili, 2013). Another study with a sample of 1247 people, aimed to identiy the age interval of Y generation in Turkey. The birth dates have ranged from 1983 to 1995 for millenials in Turkey, different from the generally accepted 1980-2000 interval. The difference was explained with the latency in dispersion of technological advances and internet use in Turkey (Yuksekbilgili, 2015). The millenials in Bosnia and Herzegovina have had different historic, socio economic conditions and so experiences than rest of Europe. Röper and Gavranidou (2003) mentioned that after the Bosnian War (1991-1995), healing trauma, providing trainings, and counseling for coming generations have become important issues. Eder (2014) also stated the war’s negative socioeconomic consequences such as forced migration and financial difficulties and negative effects on youth education. All in all, Y generation is expected to be involved in a diverse working environment. Diversity refers to varied attributes regarding demographics, psychological conditions, knowledge, values, skills, interests, and experiences (Landy and Conte, 2007). Deriving from generational diversity, the clash of values and views are more Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 131 �Guven Ordun, Asli Akun visible in workplaces where multigenerations work together. Being aware of the fact that people may have different generational backgrounds, this may serve as barriers regarding stereotypes. Especially when there is uncertainity and crisis, conflict shows itself as tension and understanding generational differences may bridge the gaps (Zemke, et al., 2000). Hypotheses of the Study The main assumption of the study focuses on the intercorrelations of the dimensions. Dimensions of Emotional Intelligence and their correlates with Big 5 personality traits are investigated. In addition, millenials’ self-perception is explored by Roger’s Q-Sort scale. As it was mentioned before, some personality traits (i.e. extraversion, neuroticism) have been found closely associated with emotional intelligence. Accordingly, the hypotheses are stated below: H1. Emotional intelligence dimensions of Millennials are correlated with main personality attributes. The main dimensions of emotional intelligence defined as self-emotional appraisal, other emotional appraisal, regulation of emotions and use of emotions. Regression analysis has been computed to find out personality determinants of each emotional intelligence dimension. H2. Emotional intelligence dimensions are influenced by personality traits. In addition, Millenials self-perception was explored by Roger’s Q-Sort scale. Methodology Sample The sample consists of 237 undergraduate students in Turkey, Istanbul. Since Istanbul has a cosmopolit structure, it is to a certain extent representative for Turkey. According to the demographics 118 females and 119 males answered the questionnaires. The participants are from three public universities in Istanbul; Bogazici University, Marmara University, and Istanbul University. 132 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Personality Characteristics and Emotional Intelligence Levels of Millenials: A Study in Turkish Context Measures Emotional intelligence is measured using the 16 items self-report Wong and Law (2002) Trait Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS). Emotional intelligence measure has 4 dimensions and 4 items for each as self emotional appraisal dimension (I have a good sense of why I have certain feelings most of the time) others’ emotional appraisal (I am a good observer of others’ emotions), regulation of emotions (I am able to control my temper and handle difficulties rationally), and use of emotions (I set goals for myself and then try my best to achieve them) (Wong & Law, 2002). Personality characteristics were assessed by the IPIP-NEO-120, which is the short form of IPIP-NEO by Goldberg and based on Costa and McCrea’s NEO-PI-R (1992) (Johnson, 2014). IPIP-NEO-120 has 5 domains, which consist of 6 facets with 4 items for each facet. Neuroticism domain includes anxiety, anger, depression, self-consciousness, immoderation, and vulnerability facets. Extraversion domain consists of friendliness, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity level, excitement seeking, and cheerfulness facets. Openness to experience domain includes imagination, artistic interests, emotionality, adventurousness, intellect, and liberalism facets. Agreeableness domain consists of trust, morality, altruism, cooperation, modesty, and sympathy facets. Conscientiousness domain includes selfefficacy, orderliness, dutifulness, achievement-striving, self-discipline, and cautiousness facets. The scale has showed strong psychometric properties (Johnson, 2014). Q Sort is a test of congruence between perceived and ideal self and Rogers, one of the well known names of humanistic perspective, (1961) used this test in psychotheraphy process of their clients. 24 adjectives have been used in order to reveal out only their self-evaluations. The scales are measured on a 5-point Likerttype scale ranging from 1 (totally disagree) to 5 (totally agree). The short definitions of the dimensions are presented in the table 1. Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 133 �Guven Ordun, Asli Akun Table 1: Definitions Emotional Intelligence Dimensions Self Emotional Appraisal Other Emotional Appraisal Regulation of Emotions Use of Emotions Big Five Personality Traits Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Agreeableness Conscientiousness Definition Understanding one’s emotions Observation & sensitivity to others’ emotions Control, adjust emotions & soothe oneself Use emotions in constructive ways Definition Have negative feelings & feel threatened Feel enthusiasm in most relationships Feel pleasure with various experiences Have kind & understanding relationships Be persistent & control impulses *i * ii Analysis and Results Mean scores and standart deviations are calculated for either of the inventory dimensions. Table 2: Mean Scores and Std. Deviations of Emotional Intelligence Dimensions Emotional Intelligence Dimensions Self Emotional Appraisal Other Emotional Appraisal Regulation of Emotions Use of Emotions Mean 3,71 3,72 3,37 3,58 Std. Deviation 0,71 0,68 0,86 0,71 Self-emotional appraisal and other emotional appraisal have the highest mean scores. While self-emotional appraisal is related with awareness of one’s self-emotions, other emotional appraisal is related with feeling empathy for others. While regulation of emotions is mostly related with controlling the urges instead of driven by them, use of emotions is associated with motivation and self-efficacy. The lowest mean score that millennials ranked themselves among all dimensions is the regulation of emotions. 134 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Personality Characteristics and Emotional Intelligence Levels of Millenials: A Study in Turkish Context Table 3: Mean Scores and Std. Deviations of Big Five Personality Traits Big Five Personality Traits Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Agreeableness Conscientiousness Mean 2,78 3,46 3,57 3,42 3,51 Std. Deviation 0,50 0,44 0,45 0,46 0,52 Neuroticism is related with the tendency to experience unpleasant emotions such as anger, worry or depression; it also refers to the degree of emotional instability and impulsivity. Extraversion refers to the positive feelings and good social relations. Those individuals with high levels of extraversion experience positive emotions and have high levels of energy, assertiveness and sociability. Openness is associated with the appreciation of new and unfamiliar. It is also related with the imaginative capacity of the individidual. Agreeableness is about having the tendency to cooperate rather than being suspicious towards others. It is also related with one’s trusting and helping nature. Conscientiousness is associated with self-discipline, dutifulness and aim for achievement (McCrae & Costa, 1989). In this research, openness has the highest and neuroticism has the lowest mean score. Table 4: Mean Scores and Std. Deviations of Personality Facets Main Traits Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Facets Anxiety Anger Depression Self-Consciousness Immoderation Vulnerability Friendliness Gregariousness Assertiveness Activity Excitement Cheerfulness Imagination Artistic Emotionality Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 Mean 3.07 3.08 2.44 2.72 2.76 2.56 3.50 3.03 3.73 3.28 3.39 3.79 3.96 3.63 3.82 Std. Deviation 0.85 0.97 0.71 0.67 0.73 0.77 0.67 0.87 0.61 0.70 0.80 0.72 0.77 0.77 0.63 135 �Guven Ordun, Asli Akun Agreeableness Conscientiousness Adventurousness Intellect Liberalism Trust Morality Altruism Cooperation Modesty Sympathy Efficacy Orderliness Dutifulness Achievement Discipline Cautiousness 3.16 3.63 3.18 3.28 3.78 3.96 3.13 2.60 3.74 3.74 3.23 3.97 3.47 3.30 3.32 0.69 0.79 0.68 0.86 0.87 0.65 0.75 0.65 0.73 0.64 0.95 0.65 0.75 0.70 0.82 Although anxiety and anger facets are slighty positive, every other facet in neuroticism domain is under mean score of neuroticism. Among all, depression has the lowest mean score. Anxiety can be defined as fear for the worst possibility, worry for things and low resistance to stress. Low resistance to irritation and being quicktempered characterize anger. Depression, which has the lowest mean score, signifies feeling dislike and uncomfort for self (Johnson, 2014). Cheerfulness has the highest and gregariousness has the lowest mean scores among extraversion domain. Having and radiating joy and loving life in a bright perspective describe cheerfulness. The lowest scored facet gregariousness signifies preferring crowds and talking with many different people in social gatherings (Johnson, 2014). Imagination has the highest and adventurousness has the lowest mean score in openness domain. Having new ideas and enjoying fantasies characterize imagination. Adventurouness signify orientation to change and variety (Johnson, 2014). Among the domain agreeableness, altruism has the highest and modesty has the lowest mean score. Low scorers in modesty believe they are superior and may be considered arrogant by others. Altruism can be defined as manifest in an active concern for the welfare of others (Johnson, 2014). Dutifulness has the highest and orderliness has the lowest mean score in conscientiousness domain. Dutifulness can be described by adherence to truth, rules, and promises. Orderliness can be characterized by putting things back in their place and tidying up (Johnson, 2014). In addition, among all facets dutifulness has the highest and vulnerability has the lowest mean scores. 136 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Personality Characteristics and Emotional Intelligence Levels of Millenials: A Study in Turkish Context Table 5: Correlations between Dimensions of Emotional Intelligence and Big Five Personality Traits Correlations 1 1.self appraisal 2.other appraisal emotional emotional 2 3 4 5 6 1 .157* .162* 1 .054 .050 .232** 1 5.neuroticism -.115 .049 -.216** 1 .451** 6.extraversion .252** .236** .255** .164* -.304** 1 7.openness .204** .170** .144* .152* -.190** .330** 8.agreeableness -.005 .130* .053 .323** -.107 9.conscientiousness .074 .167* .595** .334** -.351** .194** 4.regulation emotions of 8 9 1 .333** 3.use of emotions 7 .037 1 .370** 1 .308** .389** 1 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). According to the correlation results, one of the most powerful relations is between use of emotions and conscientiousness (r=.60, p<.01). The facets of conscientiousness are self-efficacy, orderliness, dutifulness, achievement striving, selfdiscipline, and cautiousness (Johnson, 2014). Use of emotions refers to the ability to utilize one’s own emotions to increase one’s performance (Bitmis & Ergeneli, 2014). Thus, it is understandable that people’s abilities to employ their emotions are significantly and positively related with their efficacy, goal-attainment, discipline, and care. Furthermore, one of the other most powerful relations is found between regulation of emotions and neuroticism. Accordingly, regulation of emotions has negative and significant correlation with neuroticism (r=-.45, p<.01). The facets of neuroticism are anxiety, anger, depression, self-consciousness, immoderation, and vulnerability (Johnson, 2014). Regulation of emotions refers to one’s ability to adjust one’s emotions (Bitmis & Ergeneli, 2014). It is coherent that people’s abilities to Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 137 �Guven Ordun, Asli Akun regulate their emotions will be negatively related with their worry, bad-temper, unbalanced acts, and fragility. In addition, there are other significant relations between variables however they are not as strong as the relations that was explained in previous paragraphs. Self emotional appraisal is related significantly and positively with extraversion (r=.25, p<.01) and openness (r=.20, p<.01). Other emotional appraisal is correlated with significantly and positively with extraversion (r=.24, p<.01), openness (r=.17, p<.01), agreeableness (r=.13, p<.05), and conscientiousness (r=.17, p<.05). Use of emotions is significantly and negatively associated with neuroticism (r=-.22, p<.01), whereas it is significantly and positively associated with extraversion (r=.26, p<.01) and openness (r=.14, p<.05). Regulation of emotions is found to have significant and positive correlations with extraversion (r=.16, p<.05), openness (r=.15, p<.05), agreeableness (r=.32, p<.01), and conscientiousness (r=.33, p<.01). Table 6: The Impact of Big Five Personality Traits on Self Emotional Appraisal by Regression Analysis R Model Summary R Square .305 Correlations (Constant) Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Agreeableness Conscientiousness .093 Adjusted Square .073 Unstandardized Coefficients B Std. Error .027 .063 -.044 .070 .195 .070 .156 .073 -.082 .072 .033 .074 R ANOVA F Sig. 4.606 .001 Standardized Coefficients Beta -.044 .196 .157 -.083 .032 t .427 -.626 2.788 2.140 -1.136 .439 Sig. .670 .532 .006 .033 .257 .661 All in all, in addition to the powerful correlations between use of emotions and conscientiousness and regulation of emotions and neuroticism, extraversion is found to have significant and positive relations with all dimensions of emotional intelligence. It is meaningful that people who feel comfortable with people, have control in relationships, are socially active, and enjoy adventure may also 138 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Personality Characteristics and Emotional Intelligence Levels of Millenials: A Study in Turkish Context comprehend one’s own emotions and emotions of others around and they may adjust their emotions in social life and make use of them constructively. The model summary table shows that big five personality traits can explain the % 7 of change in self emotional appraisal significantly (p<.01). From the coefficients table, it can be seen that only extraversion (p<.01) and openness (p<.05) have positive and significant effects on self emotional appraisal. It is coherent that extraverted people, who experience themselves in social situations and people who are open to experience, being interested in ideas, discussions, and arts, are likely to realize their emotions much more. Table 7: The Impact of Big Five Personality Traits on Other Emotional Appraisal by Regression Analysis Model Summary R .333 Correlations (Constant) Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Agreeableness Conscientiousness R Square .111 ANOVA Adjusted Square .091 R Unstandardized Coefficients B Std. Error .000 .064 .189 .070 .246 .070 .061 .073 .064 .072 .150 .075 F 5.594 Standardized Coefficients Beta .188 .243 .060 .064 .147 Sig. .000 t .003 2.711 3.506 .827 .888 2.008 Sig. .997 .007 .001 .409 .375 .046 The model summary table shows that Big Five Personality traits can explain %9 of change in other emotional appraisal significantly (p< .001). From the coefficients table, it can be seen that neuroticisim (p<.01), extraversion (p<.01), and conscientiousness (p<.05) have significant effects on other emotional appraisal. It is understandable that neurotic people, who worry about things easily, are likely to be sensitive to the clues in their social environment such as others’ emotions although the appraisal of it will probably be negative. In addition, it is meaningful that extraverted people, who are busy with social contacts and conscientiousness people, who give importance to integrity and discipline, are likely to be more sensitive to the emotions of others. The question may come to the mind that agreeableness which is related with concern and feel sorry for problems of others why not came up as Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 139 �Guven Ordun, Asli Akun statistically significant for its effect on understanding emotions’s of others. This might be explained by the meaning, content of agreeableness is related with sempathy (Johnson, 2014) rather than empathy. Table 8: The Impact of Big Five Personality Traits on Regulation of Emotions by Regression Analysis Model Summary R .538 Correlations (Constant) Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Agreeableness Conscientiousness R Square .290 ANOVA Adjusted Square .274 Unstandardized Coefficients B Std . Error .000 .056 -.384 .062 .042 .062 -.074 .065 .272 .064 .103 .066 R F 18.288 Standardized Coefficients Beta -.384 .042 -.074 .273 .102 Sig. .000 t .003 -6.211 .670 -1.145 4.246 1.559 Sig. .998 .000 .504 .253 .000 .120 The model summary table shows that big five personality traits can explain %27 of change in regulation of emotions significantly (p<.001). From the coefficients table, it can be understood that neuroticisim (p<.001) and agreeableness (p<.001) have significant effects on regulation of emotions. Neurotics, who are bad-tempered and get owerhelmed easily, are less likely to control anger and cope with difficulties rationally. Agreeable people, who prefer cooperation and modesty, are more likely to have good control of their emotions and be calm in difficult situations. The model summary table indicates that big five personality traits can explain % 41 of change in use of emotions significantly (p<.001). From the coefficients table, it can be seen that only extraversion (p<.01), agreeableness (p<.01), and conscientiousness (p<.001) have significant effects on use of emotions. It is coherent that extraverted people who are socially active and take charge and conscientious people, who strive for achievement, actualize plans, think and decide cautiously, are likely to be motivated to do the best for their goals. It is also found out that agreeable people, who trust others and like to help others, are less likely to set selforiented goals and concern more for other-oriented goals. 140 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Personality Characteristics and Emotional Intelligence Levels of Millenials: A Study in Turkish Context Table 9: The Impact of Big Five Personality Traits on Use of Emotions by Regression Analysis Model Summary R .653 Correlations R Square .426 (Constant) Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Agreeableness Conscientiousness ANOVA Adjusted Square .413 R F 33.278 Unstandardized Coefficients B Std. Error .003 .051 .031 .056 .165 .056 -.038 .059 -.190 .058 .684 .060 Sig. .000 Standardized Coefficients Beta .031 .163 -.038 -.189 .672 t .062 .561 2.920 -.655 -3.266 11.433 Sig. .951 .575 .004 .513 .001 .000 Table 10: Self-Appraisals of Millennials on Roger’s Q-Sort List of Attributes Adjective Anxious Attractive Careless Depressed Dishonest Energetic Funny Happy Honest Intelligent Kind Lazy Mean 3,03 3,24 3,09 2,53 2,19 4,00 3,54 3,54 4,24 4,05 4,03 3,07 Std. Dev. 1,14 1,15 1,44 1,24 1,25 0,94 1,21 1,20 0,78 0,87 0,94 1,35 Rank 18 14 16 21 23 5 11 11 1 3 4 17 Adjective Optimistic Organized Out-Going Plain Relaxed Sad Serious Shy Sloppy Strong Unhelpful Weak Mean 3,77 3,70 4,06 3,62 3,91 2,65 3,41 3,16 3,01 3,61 1,95 2,24 Std. Dev. 1,09 1,13 0,88 1,19 1,16 1,16 1,10 1,35 1,34 1,03 1,16 1,17 Rank 7 8 2 9 6 20 13 15 19 10 24 22 In Roger’s self assessment inventory, the adjective “honest” has the highest mean value and “unhelpful” has the lowest mean value that means most millenials perceive themselves as honest and only some perceive themselves as unhelpful. In addition to the self-assessment results, as can be seen in the aforementioned paragraphs, the two hypotheses of the study are supported. Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 141 �Guven Ordun, Asli Akun Conclusions and Discussion Early millennials are about to gradute from faculties and this might be the best chance to identify their characteristics, preferences, needs and values as they are supposed to have a say on world issues soon. In the scope of this research, the personality characteristics and their impact on emotional intelligence were studied. In addition, since every one else seems to say something about them; some with positive connotations (innovative, smart, well-educated, organized, social, ambitious etc) and some with negative connotations (lazy, irresponsible, impatient, selfish, disrespectful, etc), this study aims to understand their self-perception from their point of views. According to the correlation results, personality constructs have significant relations with emotional intelligence dimensions as indicated in the aforementioned analysis part in detail. By the evaluation of the regression analyses, the prediction capacity of personality construct especially on regulation and use of emotion dimensions is identified. As those dimensions are considered to be important on the level of performance and advancement, the importance of personality assessment in personnel selection might need to be reevaluated. Both hypotheses proposing significant relations between the dimensions of emotional intelligence and personality traits are accepted. Depending on the mean scores of Roger’s Q-sort list it can also be identified that positive traits are evaluated more than negative traits. Honest, out-going, intelligent, and kind have the highest mean scores while unhelpful, dishonest, weak and depressed have the lowest mean scores. Although there have been studies that have examined the relationship between personality and emotional intelligence in many contexts, this study has a different aim, model, and measured the concepts differently. In addition, the results can be useful for millenials’ retention in work life adaptively, contributing their success to organizational performance, and decreasing youth unemployment as much as possible within the limitations of socioeconomic framework. In further researches, the effect of cultural context on this relationship can also be taken into consideration. The research topic can be investigated in other geographies in Turkey rather than Istanbul or in different countries. Also, in further studies when adequate numbers of millennials have significant roles in work life, relation between personality characteristics and performance scores need to be investigated with the mediator role of emotional intelligence. 142 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Personality Characteristics and Emotional Intelligence Levels of Millenials: A Study in Turkish Context In addition, in one of the interviews that was published in a business and economics journal, Guler Sabanci, one of the most well-known and successful woman in Turkey, talked about understanding Y generation. Deriving from her experiences, she mentioned that it is important for all people to read the changing world comprehensively. She added that instead of market share millenials care about share of heart, they give importance to the universal values such as equality, sustainability and social responsibility and they have the long-term perspective. She stated that these factors could be important for their loyalty (Capital, 2015). In future, the researches regarding the practical implications of the values and preferences of millenials can be examined in social and business context. It is also crucial to make sense of present and future socioeconomic conditions by considering history and what it has tought. This is valid not only for countries but also for individuals and groups as well. In this regard, youth as a sample who is at the intersection of past and future, who are affected by past, write today, and shape future conditions although bounded by the world’s circumstances, is a vital source of research. References Bergman, S. M., Fearrington, M. E., Davenport, S. W., & Bergman, J. Z. (2011). 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Managing the Clash of Veterans, Boomers, Xers, and Nexters in Your Workplace. Performance Research Associates, Inc. i Libbrecht, N., Lievens, F. &Schollaert, E. (2010). Measurement Equivalence of the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale Across Self and Other Ratings. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70 (6), 1007-1020. ii McCrae, R. R. &Allik, J. (2002) The Factor Model of Personality Across Cultures. Springer Science Business Media. 148 Journal of Economic and Social Studies � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2972 Title A name given to the resource Personality Characteristics and Emotional Intelligence Levels of Millenials: A Study in Turkish Context Author Author ORDUN, Guven AKUN, Asli Abstract A summary of the resource. The purpose of the study is twofold. The first purpose of the study is to investigate the relations between personality characteristics and emotional intelligence of the Millennials. Costa and McCrea’s Big Five Personality Inventory (IPIP-NEO) is used to measure the personality characteristics of the millenials. Emotional intelligence dimensions are measured by Wong and Law emotional intelligence scale (WLEIS). Secondary purpose of the study is to find self-evaluations of the Millenials related with their characteristics. Roger’s Q-Sort Scale is used to find out Millenials self perceptions. An advantage of the Q-Sort Scale is that it offers straightforward assumptions about the underlying structure of a concept within demographical segments. Results reveal that use of emotion is positively correlated with conscientiousness whereas regulation of emotion is negatively correlated with Neuroticism. Furthermore, personality characteristics have effects on emotional intelligence dimensions. The effects are much more significant for regulation and use of emotions dimensions. These dimensions are assumed to be important determinants of performance within organizations so it is important to analyze the personality constructs associated with them. Depending on their self-perceptions, millienials evaluate themselves relatively high on positive traits (e.g. honest, out-going, etc.) and low on negative traits (e.g. unhelpful, dishonest, etc.). Regarding personality characteristics, they evaluated themselves highest in openness and lowest in neuroticism. Millenials will be the dominating workforce for the upcoming years, so if they are willing to establish high performance relations, managers should better understand Millenial characteristics and perspective. Keywords: Millenials, Personality Characteristics, Emotional Intelligence. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed DOI Digital object identifier doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.14706/JECOSS16614 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 1986 – 8502, HB Economic Theory https://eprints.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/eab8eafeb8478dda0a2384faea84194b.pdf 9acd76a6ddf14151cddf2f28d9213710 PDF Text Text Journal of Economic and Social Studies Improved Business Climate and FDI in the Western Balkans Rufi Osmani South East European University Macedonia rufi.osmani@seeu.edu.mk Abstract: The process of economical and political transition in the Western Balkans, up to this point has shown a high correlation between achieved economical results and the determination of national authorities for drawing and implementing policies for economical stabilization and development as well as structural reforms with the support of the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and other relevant international institutions. The analyzed countries from the Western Balkans region have managed to achieve appropriate levels of macroeconomic stability and an improvement of the business climate due to the implemented reforms, these countries have not been successful enough in attracting Foreign Direct Investments as a precondition to ensure a more dynamic economical development and an appropriate fall in the level of unemployment and poverty. A comparative analysis of the real economic indicators of the Western Balkans countries as contracted to the EU average shows that these countries are well under the real convergence levels of the EU countries. Keywords: Busines Climate, Structural Reforms, Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Development, Western Balkan Countries, Europian Union JEL Classification: E3, E4, F15, F21, M21, M48, O10, O11, O12 Article History Submitted: 02 June 2015 Resubmitted: 04 September 2015 Resubmitted:19 October 2015 Resubmitted: 10 November 2015 Accepted: 04 December 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.14706/JECO SS16611 The main objective of the paper is to provide some additional arguments regarding the potential positive or negative correlation between the business climate and the levels of Foreign Direct Investments in the Western Balkans countries, some of which are already members of the EU and others aspiring to become members in the future, having in mind the asymmetric economic positions of the countries being analyzed. Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2015 5 �Rufi Osmani Introduction The complex political and economic transition in the countries of the Western Balkans in the past two decades has been accompanied by numerous economic and political asymmetrical strokes. During this complex process the governments of the countries of the Western Balkans (WB) with the assistance of the IMF and World Bank implemented the economic policies that aimed to achieve macroeconomic stabilization, transformation and privatization of state owned enterprises and to reform the economic system and public institutions. After two decades of implementation of intensive economic policies the countries of the Western Balkan have achieved macroeconomic stabilization but the results in reforming the economy, reforming the public sector and the public institutions are in insufficient level and continue to remain challenges for these countries in the future. In fact, the asymmetric development during the previous system and the low levels of economical growth in the first decade of the transition followed by increasing levels of unemployment, poverty, the large informal sector and fiscal evasion were the main obstacles in implementing deep institutional reforms and establishing a functional market economy in the Western Balkan’s (Osmani & Mazllami, 2014). The process of economic and political transition in the Western Balkans due to achieved asymmetric results do not solve in approriate level three main problems of economic transition (Commander, 1991). 1) Finding a new balance between private sector and public sector, 2) Finding the balance between profits and wages in the private sector, and 3) Finding the balance between monetary and fiscal policy within the strategy that aim macroeconomic stabilization and economic development. Three balances realized at transition countries of the Western Balkans are in suboptimal levels as a result of numerous deficits and economic and social problems, lack of voluminous local and foreign investment and significant delays in the implementation of economic and institutional reforms as a result of lack of national political consensus. 6 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Improved Business Climate and FDI in the Western Balkans Delays and poor quality of structural reforms still remain as the major obstacles in attracting foreign investment although as serious progress was made in terms of creating a more favorable environment business largely of formal nature. As a consequence, that indicator “Ease of Doing Business” does not include areas such as: the level of corruption, independence of the judiciary, the size of the market, political and economic risk and functionality of public institutions, this indicator does not reflect the full attractiveness of business environement as crutial precondition in attracting foreign direct investment. Despite the fact that Macedonia on the basis of the indicator, Doing Business, in the period 2010-2015 is listed as a leader in the West Balkans, country has realized the lowest level of foreign direct investment in volume and quality compared to the West Balkans and EU countries. Due to the low level of foreign direct investment, the lack of national investment, the hesitation of the banking sector in financing new investments as a result of the growth of bad loans and considerable reduction of economic remittances Macedonia remains as the country with the highes level of unemployment and poverty in Europe. The research aims to analyze the correlation between the level of ranking of countries according to the indicator, Doing Business, and the level of foreign direct investments in countries such as Croatia and Bulgaria that are part of the EU and the countries aspiring to join the EU with special emphasis in the case of the Republic of Macedonia. The importance of correlation between the quality of business environment and attraction of foreign direct investment is linked closely with the aspiration of the countries of West Balkans for integration into the EU as a precondition have the fulfillment of the Maastricht and Copenhagen criteria. These criteria aim of improving the business environment, attracting foreign investment, creating a functional market economy as a prerequisite for a qualitative integration of the economies of the West Balkans into the largest market of the EU. Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 7 �Rufi Osmani Literature Review Rich literature exists on the field of doing business and on the field of foreign direct invesment. The "Doing Business" website reports more than 100 academic papers in 50 academic journals, as of December 2014. However, only two papers have examined the Ease of Doing Business indicator and its correlation with foreign direct invesment in the ex-socialist countries in Westren Balkan (Petreski & Jovanovic2014). Petreski is focused on the growth aspecst of the ease of doing business, in 30 exsocialist countries, for the period 2005-2011. Petreski’s paper titled Regulatory Environment and Development Outcomes: Empirical Evidence from Transition Economies, measures the ease of doing business by the aggregate index and by the 10 sub-indices. The study of Jovanovic “Ease of doing business and FDI in the Ex–socialist countries” investigates the ease of doing business, measured through the Doing Business indicators of the World Bank, and aspects of foreign direct investment in 27 ex-socialist countries. Results point out that there is a lot of uncertainty regarding the effects, with most of the indicators being either insignificant or lacking robustness. It also seems that investors are discouraged by bureaucracy, because four of the five indicators that are significant in either of the estimations refer to bureaucratic impediments, not to financial cost (Jovanovic & Jovanovic, 2014). Research Methodology In order to meet the set objectives of this paper, that is to determine correlation between the ranking of the countries of the Western Balkans by indicator, Doing Business, and the level of realized foreign direct investment. The timeframe for the research is 2007-2013 including the following countries: The Republic of Macedonia (MKD), The Republic of Albania (ALB), the Republic of Kosovo (RKS), Montenegro (MNE), Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH), Serbia (SRB), Croatia (CR) Bulgaria (BG), the average of West Balkan and the average of European Union countries (EU27). 8 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Improved Business Climate and FDI in the Western Balkans By using common statistical and descriptive methods we provide a proper empirical and comparative analysis of the process of improving the business environment, the realization of foreign direct investment and remittances among these countries and compared to the EU27 averages. Structural Elements of the Doing Business Indicator The Doing Business Indicator of the World Bank includes 11 areas based on standard methodology with the objective of measuring the attractiveness of the business environment in 189 countries worldwide. Table 1: Structural Elements of Doing business, Structural elements of ,,Doing business,, I.Complexity and cost of regulatory processes 1.Starting a business 2.Dealing with permits 3.Getting electricity construction 4.Registering property 5.Paying taxes 6.Trading across borders II.Strength of legal institutions 7.Getting credit 8.Protecting minority investors 9.Enforcing contracts 10.Resolving insolvency 11.Labor market regulation Eleven areas of business regulation Six areas of business regulation Procedures, time, cost and paid-in minimum capital to start a limited liability company Procedures, time and cost to complete all formalities to build a warehouse Procedures, time and cost to get connected to the electrical grid Procedures, time and cost to transfer property Payment, time and total tax rate for a firm to comply with all tax regulations Documents, time and cost to export and import by seaport Five areas of business regulation Movable collateral laws and credit information systems Minority shareholders right in related - party transactions and in corporate governance Procedures, time and cost to resolve a commercial dispute Time, cost, outcome and recovery rate for a commercial insolvency and the strength of the insolvency legal framework Flexibility in employment regulation, benefits for works and labor dispute resolution Source: World Bank group, Doing Business 2015, Going Beyond Efficiency, 12th edition. Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 9 �Rufi Osmani In the framework of the many areas assessed by Doing Business, two are key structural elements: the complexity of the legislation and the cost of making business; and the strengthening of legal institutions in the function of doing business. Doing Business, integrates 11 business areas that manifest the complexity and cost of regulatory processes and the area of strengthening the legal institutions in the function of improving the business environment. It should be emphasized that despite the fact that indicator “Doing Business” includes a representative number of regulations of business fields, in different contries the importance of the specific criteria directly depends on the level of economic and social development, functionality of institutions and courts in particular, the level of corruption, organization of trade unions and political and social stability of the country. Western Balkan countries with weak public institutions have many institutional problems that reflect negative effects on the attractiveness of the business environment and in attracting investment in general and foreign direct investment in particular. Within the 11 criteria assessed by the Doing Business indicator, there is a high level of asymmetry in some structural elements such as: permits for construction, registration of property, enforcement of contracts, payment of taxes, protection of the minority shareholders, market regulations, quality of labor force and the minimum wage paid. Asymmetric Business Environment in the Capitals of the Western Balkan Countries Analysis of key criteria of doing business in terms of starting a business, obtaining the construction permit, registration of property and execution of contracts in the capitals of the countries of BP argues highly asymmetric business environments of the analysed countries. 10 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Improved Business Climate and FDI in the Western Balkans Table 2: City Differences: A Comparative Analysis of WB Capitals Description Starting a Business Dealing with constr. Permits Register property Enforcing contracts Procedures (number) Time (days) Cost (% of income per capita) Paid-in min. capital (% of income per capita) Procedures (number) Time (days) Cost (% of wareh.value) Procedures (number) Time (days) Cost (% of property value) Time (days) Cost (% of claim) Procedures (number) Belgrade Podgorica Prishtina Sarajevo Skopje Tirana 7 13 7 10 10 58 12 50 3 3 5 5 8 2 29 15 3 31 6 0 112 30.5 0 21 18 21 19 15 349 1,782 287 2,132 320 856 182 1,166 129 1,792 0 no practice no practice no practice 6 91 7 71 8 33 7 33 5 58 6 33 2.7 635 3.1 545 0.6 420 5.3 595 3.1 370 3.4 390 29 26 61.2 40.4 33 36 36 49 53 37 37 39 Source: Author’s own calculations based on World Bank: Doing Business. The capital of Macedonia (Skopje) is the place where most functional economic areas are concentrated and represents the most attractive business environment compared with other capitals of West Balkan countries. Skopje has an edident administrative advantage of 50% for doing business compared with other Balkan capitals, Podgorica (Montenegro) is second accompanied by the Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 11 �Rufi Osmani Kosovo capital Pristina, while Sarajevo (BiH) and Tirana (AL) are capitals which are characterized by significant administrative barriers and bureaucracy. Ranking of Countries of the WB and the EU on the Basis of the Indicator of the World Bank “Doing Business” Data published by the World Bank for the period 2007-2013 show a business environment with trends of improvement in all the countries of the Western Balkans with the exception of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the country in which the business environment marked a fall in 16 places compared with the previous analysed period. Table 3. A comparative Analysis of Ranking of Countries of WB (2007-2013) Countries 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Macedonia 93 79 69 32 38 22 23 Montenegro 72 80 77 71 66 56 51 Bulgaria 47 44 42 44 51 59 66 Croatia 116 105 110 103 84 80 84 Albania 132 136 89 82 82 82 85 Serbia 83 91 90 88 89 92 86 Kosovo Bosna and Herzegovina - - 107 113 119 117 98 110 118 119 116 110 125 126 Average for WB 82 82 88 81 80 79 77 Source: Author’s own calculations based on World Bank, Doing Business. Analysis of Doing Busness, for the period 2007-2013 shows quite asymmetric positive trends in the countries analyzed except Bosna and Herzegovina, the country in which the business environment has deteriorated compared with 2007. Greater improvement of business environment has highlighted Macedonia progressing for 70 places and ranging in the position 23rd worldwide. Many institutional reforms made in terms of reducing the cost of doing business, reducing the bureaucratic procedures, facilities in the labor market, putting into function of real estate market, increasing the efficiency of executions in contested proceedings, the tax cuts and investment in infrastructure funded by the government of the country in function of attracting FDI contributed to the improvement of the business environment in the period (2010-2015) in the case of Macedonia. 12 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Improved Business Climate and FDI in the Western Balkans Macedonia is accompanied by Montenegro in the 51st, Bulgaria in the 66th and then followed by other countries of WB; Bosnia and Herzegovina is ranked at the bottom of the WB countries in terms of business attractiveness. Two EU member countries of the Western Balkans (Bulgaria and Croatia) have highlighted asymmetric trends in terms of business attractiveness despite the fact that during the process of EU integration by fulfilling the Copenhagen criteria the two countries have implemented deep institutional reforms with the objective of creating a functioning market economy supported by functioning institutions. The slow progress of Kosovo in the sense of creating attractive business environment is addressed mainly to political and security risks as a result of the contestation of independence from neighboring Serbia and the fact that the local Serb population has created protected area of the informal economy, smuggling and tax evasion that is out of control of the legal government of Kosovo. The reasons for a low ranking of BiH are mainly political in nature as a result of political instability and numerous political risks and security risks that directly affect the creation of aversion of investors for investing in the country where institutional guarantees are minimal for protection and development of business as a result of permanent conflicts between institutions of local, regional and central levels. Figure 1. Ease of Doing Business: A Comparative Analysis of some countries of WB (2105) 76 73,35 74,11 71,8 74 72 70 66,68 66,53 68 66 64 62 EU Average Macedonia (WB) WB Average Bulgaria (UE) Croatia (UE) Source: Author’s own calculations based on World Bank, Doing Business. Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 13 �Rufi Osmani Assessment made on the basis of Ease of Doing Business by the World Bank and reflected in Figure 1 highlights a minimal difference of 2.3 points advantage of Macedonia in relation with Bulgaria despite the fact that based on the same criteria Macedonia is ranked 43 places higher. Assessment made on the basis of the Ease of Doing Business criteria, for 2015 substantially cancels ranking based on the indicator, Doing Business, and imposes the need for a harmonized structure of both indicators in function of objective reflecting the real attractiveness of the business environment and the ranking of the countries analyzed. The particularity of this ranking lies in the fact that there is a substantial difference in the level of ranking for different countries of the Western Balkans despite the fact that all governments of the analyzed countries are implementing similar policies with the objective of attracting foreign direct investment in the sense of tax level, fiscal facilities, elimination of the of bureaucracy and reducing business costs and other bareers for foreign investors. The Trend and the Level of FDI in the Countries of the Western Balkans There are promising trends in global foreign direct investment (FDI) flows for developing and transition economies. Each year more and more FDI is flowing not only from developed into developing economies but also from one developing or transition economy to another. Indeed, developing and transition economies’share of global FDI inflows rose from roughly 19 percent in 2000 to 52 percent in 2010—for the first time exceeding half the total. And half the top 20 FDI recipients in 2010 were developing or transition economies (Hornberger et al, 2011). This improvement in principle addresses the improvement of business environment, lower business cost and taxes and elimination of administrative and bureaucratic barriers in countries in transition. Analysis of the trend and volume of foreign direct investment realized in the period 2007-2013 in the Western Balkan countries shows opposite trends compared to the trend observed by the report of the World Bank in the period 2000-2010. 14 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Improved Business Climate and FDI in the Western Balkans Table 4: The FDI ($) in the Western Balkan’s (2007-2013) (milions $) Countries Croatia Serbia Bulgaria Albania Montenegro Bosna&Herzegovina Kosovo Macedonia Average of WB 2007 4947 3432 1387 652 937 1804 603 733 1812 2008 5812 2996 1030 1240 975 1005 537 612 1776 2009 3400 1935 3897 1343 1549 1385 408 259 1772 2010 845 1340 1867 1089 758 444 487 300 891 2011 1242 2700 2124 1049 556 469 546 495 1148 2012 1336 3553 1578 920 618 350 293 283 1116 2013 588 1377 1888 1478 446 322 343 376 852 Source: Author’s own calculations based on IMF and World Bank reports. Analysis of the trend of foreign investments in the countries of WB has been heavily influenced by the world financial crisis which consequently produced substantial decreasing of FDI. In the WB in 2007 were realized in total FDI $ 12.684 million, while in 2013 the FDI were realized at the level of $ 5.694 million, that represents a decrease of $ 6.990 million a fact which demonstrates a negative trend and decrease of the interest of foreigner’s investors for investing in a region identified as high-risk political with fragile and corrupted institutions. Table 5. FDI in Countries of Western Balkan (2007-2013) (millions $) Country Croatia Serbia Bulgaria Albania Montenegro Bosnia and Herzegovina Kosovo Macedonia Average for WB Total FDI 18.172 17.332 13.832 7.770 5.838 5.775 3.213 3.052 9.373 Average FDI 2.596 2.476 1.976 1.110 834 825 459 436 1.339 Source: Author’s own calculations based on IMF and World Bank reports. Based on the analysis of the volume of realized FDI in WB countries in the period 2007-2013 Croatia ranked first with a total of 18.172 million US dollars of FDI accompanied by Serbia and Bulgaria $ 17.332 million with $ 13.832 million. Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 15 �Rufi Osmani Despite the fact that Croatia has achieved the highest level of cumulative FDI, investments carried out in this country in 2013 were at level of 10% of FDI realized in 2008 that argues a very high negative trend which is characteristic for all countries of WB and it can not be explained only by using the financial crisis as an aliby. The trend of decreasement of investment is characteristic of all countries of WB without exception with high negative effects at the countries with the lowest level of economic development (Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia) ,the countries that are suffering from the syndrome of low investment , high unemployment and poverty in WB and in Europe. Figure 2: Foreign Direct Investment – per capita ($) (2007-2013) 3000 2582 2500 2000 1500 1625 1562 1263 1000 500 0 587 291 581 349 2007 2008 658 343 143 123 2009 2010 927 1030 350 236 328 135 2011 2012 743 277 179 2013 Albania Bosna Bulgaria Croatia Kosovo Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Average for WB Linear (Bosna) Source: Author’s own calculations based on IMF and World Bank reports. The comparative analysis of FDI per capita in the countries of WB reflects very low levels of FDI of all countries with the exception of Montenegro. FDI per capita despite the negative trend continue to be several times over the average of countries of WB as a result of the fact that this country has only half a million residents who live in this country. 16 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Improved Business Climate and FDI in the Western Balkans While in the case of Bosnia & Herzegovina and Kosovo the political and security reasons that produce large risks for serious foreign direct investment, in the case of Macedonia we have a paradoxical phenomenon of very high level of ranking of this country based on indicator, Doing Business, and very low level of FDI. The Trend and the Level of Remittances in the Countries of the Western Balkans The level and trend of remittances in the countries of the Western Balkans is in direct dependency on the number of economic migrants. On the basis of financial flows leads Serbia with over $ 4.3 billion as a result of the fact that it is the country with the largest number of population and emigrants in WB. Table 6: Remittances in the Western Balkan’s (in millions $US) Country Albania Bulgaria Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Montenegro Serbia Average for WB 2010 779 1.611 1.895 1.500 357 4.357 1.508 2013 1.156 1.331 1.822 1.213 300 4.345 1.558 Source: Author’s own calculations based on IMF and World Bank reports. The highest level of economic remittances compared to FDI despite the fact that the authorities of the countries of the WB do not provide economic and fiscal facilities, needs to be in focus of economic policies in the future as an important opportunity for investment and economic development. Low Level of FDI despite Attractive Business Environment in Macedonia In the analyzed period (2007-2013) Macedonia has had serious progress in improving the business environment. In 2014 Macedonia was ranked as the leader of WB countries (23 worldvide), a fact that requires a special analysis having in mind that this progress did not produce positive trends of FDI. Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 17 �Rufi Osmani Table 7. WB Ranking: A Comparative Analysis of WB Average, Macedonia and Croatia Countries Macedonia Croatia WB Average 2007 93 116 82 2008 79 105 82 2009 69 110 88 2010 32 103 81 2011 38 84 80 2012 22 80 79 2013 23 84 77 Source: Author’s own calculations based on World Bank reports. Analysis of the level of realized FDI in comparison with economic remittances and set in correlation with ranking of countries of WB based on Doing Business reflects large discrepancies. The low level of realized FDI in Macedonia denies positive correlation between FDI and the ranking of attractiveness of the business environment. This asymmetry is quite large in the case of Macedonia; this country is ranked as a leader in terms of business attractiveness while at the level of FDI has realized the lowest level of FDI. Table 8. FDI: A Comparative Analysis of WB Average, Macedonia and Croatia 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Average 2007-2013 WB Average 1812 1776 1772 891 1148 1116 852 1339 Macedonia 733 612 259 300 495 283 376 436 Croatia 4947 5812 3400 845 1242 1336 588 2596 Countries Source: Author’s own calculations based on IFM and World Bank reports. In a research made by Osmani and Deari (2009) regarding the measurement of political, economic and financial risk in Macedonia it is concluded that the majority of businessmen have serious remarks on: poor quality of public administration, huge policy influence on functioning of the judicial system, high level of corruption and implementation of fiscal selective controls by fiscal authority. This low level of FDI reached in Macedonia is quite symptomatic taking into account the fact that the law for free economic zones in Macedonia ofer numerous fiscal, administrative and infrastructure convenience for foreigner investitors. The law on free economic zones of Macedonia provides numerous facilities for foreign companies that decide to invest in Macedonia. These foreign companies are 18 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Improved Business Climate and FDI in the Western Balkans obligated to the period of 2-10 years to export at least 50-70% of total production realized in free economic zones as a prerequisite for exploiting the numerous benefits of fiscal and infrastructure. Foreign investors in the framework of free economic zones if export 70% of total production are released in a period of 10 years from the payment of corporate income tax, property tax and sales tax within the economic zone. Foreign companies that invest in economic zones can buy the building land or industrial land with a symbolic price (of 1 euro per m2). A great facility for business in free economic zones is the fact that at major economic areas of the country the government has invested in the construction of basic infrastructure for full functionality of economic free zones. A survey done by business investment office of the Austria (Schlattl, 2013) in Skopje pointed out these concerns which directly affect the low level of foreign investments in Macedonia: Reduction of bureaucracy with 69%, the legal security of investments by 66%, improved infrastructure with 57%, fighting corruption by 47%, delays in EU integration and political instability with 45%. Figure 3: What are Requirements of Business Community from the Macedonian Government Reduction of Bureaucracy Legal Security, Investor Confidence Improvement of Infrastructure Fight against Corruption More Initiatives for the EU Accession Transparent and simple Tax Laws Political Stability Access to Financial Funds Modernization of Labor Law Stable Currency Other, please specify… 69% 66% 53% 47% 44% 38% 38% 28% 25% 22% 6% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Source: Author’s own calculations. Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 19 �Rufi Osmani The report of EBRD 2014, survey done with managers of 15,500 companies who work in 29 countries mainly in Eastern Europe emphasizes the main problems as: the informal economy and tax evasion, difficult access to finance for private companies, unequal treatment of tax administration and other administrative bareers. The transition experience from centrally planned to market economy is an historically unprecendented process (WB Report), and that process is not finished in many contries in Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union. In the context of an unprecedented process of political and economic transition that the countries of WB have undergone, it is possible to have unprecedented results, in one side significantly improving of the business environment and in other side very low levels of FDI, as is the case of Macedonia. Conclusions The Western Balkan countries in a permanent cooperation with the IMF, the World Bank, and during the integration process in the EU have implemented many institutional reforms as a function of preserving economic stability and creating suitable business climate as a precondition for dynamic economic development. Implementing permanent economic and political reforms by the Western Balkan countries have resulted to formal improvements of their business climate measured by the World Bank ”Doing Business” indicator. Despite the improvement of business climate of the Western Balkan countries, this positive trend of business climate has not been accompanied by an increase of investments in general and FDI in particular. In this direction, Macedonia is a paradoxical case because the country is ranked as 23rd at the global level for suitable business climate but it has the lowest level of FDI among the Western Balkans countries. The lack of positive correlation between ”Doing Business” and the level of FDI in the case of the Western Balkan countries signals the need for structural modification of this indicator with more qualitative elements concerning the real functionality of the institutions that directly affect the business climate. 20 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Improved Business Climate and FDI in the Western Balkans Despite the low fiscal burden and numerous investing easiness of doing business provided to foreign investors there is still a low level of FDI in the Western Balkan countries which is due to the fact that these countries are characterized by high levels of informal sector and tax evasion, bureaucratic procedures, politicization of public institutions and volatility of public institutions. Improvements in this area are the main investing and developing challenges for all governments of the countries of Western Balkan without any exclusion. A faster integration of all Western Balkan countries in NATO and the quality fulfillment of the criteria of Maastricht and Copenhagen in the process of integration to EU are substantial prerequisites for minimizing the political and security risks especially in the case of Kosovo, Bosna and Herzegovina and Macedonia which are prerequisites for improving the business climate and realizing more FDI in all the Western Balkan countries as a common economic and investment market. References Agency for foreign investment in Macedonia (2010-2014). Invest in Macedonia. The annual report for period 2010-2014, Skopje Anderson , J. & Gonzalez, A. (2013). Does Doing Business matter for FDI in Doing Business: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises, World Bank Paper, 45-50. Cass, F. (2007). Attracting FDI to transition countries: The use of incentives and promotion agencies.Transnational Corporations, Vol.16, No.02, 1-46. Commander,S (1991). Managing Inflation in Socialist Economies in Transition , Economic Devolopment Institute, The World Bank Paper, Washington, DC. Demekas, D.G.,Horvath, B., Elina Ribakova & Wu, Y. (2007). Foreign direct investment in European transition economies. The role of policies, Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol.35 (2),370-386. Gerhard Schlattl (2014) ”Business Climate Survey Macedonia”, Austria’s Business Voice in Macedonia, No.3, Institut Adventage Austria,1-18, Skopje. Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 21 �Rufi Osmani H.J. Blanke, University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany; S. Mangiameli, ISSIRFA CNR, The Treaty on European Union (TEU), Rome. Incentives and Investments (2010). Evidence and Policy Implications. FIAS, DC McKinsey Global Institute, World Bank Group, Washington DC. Jane Bogoev, Sultanija Bojceva Terzijan, Balázs Égert and Magdalena Petrovska (2008). Real Exchange Rate Dynamics in Macedonia: Old Wisdoms and New Insights. Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal, 2, 2008-2018. Jayasuriya, D. (2011). Improvements in the World Banks Ease of Doing Business Rankings: Do they translate into Greater Foreign Direct Investment Inflows? Policy research working paper,57-87. Jovanovic, B (2014). Easy of doing business and FDI in the Ex–socialist countries, NBRM paper, 1-32. Skopje. Osmani & Deari (2009) Economic Transition and the effects of tax reform on FDI: The Case of Macedonia. In Universum Journal, Scientific Journal for Economic and Social Issues, Universum University – Institute for Research and Consulting-IRC, 17- 41. Osmani & Mazllami (2014). A challenging path toward the UE: The fulfillment of the Maastriht Criteria in the case of Macedonia and Albania in Regional Economic Development, IBU,Vol.9/2014, 327-339. Osmani & Mazllami (2014). The impact of fiscal decentralization process in the local public finance in the Western Balkan countries: A comparative analyzis. Journal of International Scientific Publications, Vol.9, 730 -741. Petreski, M (2014). Regulatory Environment and Development Outcomes: Empirical Evidence from Transition Economies, NBRM paper, 1-15. Skopje. The IMF (2007-2014). Annual report for FYR of Macedonia for period (20072014), Washington DC. The ministry of Justice of Republic of Macedonia (1999). The low of free economic zones. Sl.V.RM 56/99,41/100, Skopje. 22 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Improved Business Climate and FDI in the Western Balkans The National Bank of Republic of Macedonia (2007-2014), Annual report of NBRM for period 2007-2014, Skopje. The World Bank Group (2010-2015). Doing business, Going Beyond efficiency, Comparing Bussines Regulation For Domestic Firms In Economies of 189 Countries, A World Bank Group, Washington, DC. UNCTAD (2010). World Investment Report 2010: Investing in a Low-Carbon Economy. Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2016 23 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2971 Title A name given to the resource Improved Business Climate and FDI in the Western Balkans Author Author OSMANI, Rufi Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: The process of economical and political transition in the Western Balkans, up to this point has shown a high correlation between achieved economical results and the determination of national authorities for drawing and implementing policies for economical stabilization and development as well as structural reforms with the support of the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and other relevant international institutions. The analyzed countries from the Western Balkans region have managed to achieve appropriate levels of macroeconomic stability and an improvement of the business climate due to the implemented reforms, these countries have not been successful enough in attracting Foreign Direct Investments as a precondition to ensure a more dynamic economical development and an appropriate fall in the level of unemployment and poverty. A comparative analysis of the real economic indicators of the Western Balkans countries as contracted to the EU average shows that these countries are well under the real convergence levels of the EU countries. The main objective of the paper is to provide some additional arguments regarding the potential positive or negative correlation between the business climate and the levels of Foreign Direct Investments in the Western Balkans countries, some of which are already members of the EU and others aspiring to become members in the future, having in mind the asymmetric economic positions of the countries being analyzed. Keywords: Business climate, Structural reforms, Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Development, Western Balkan countries, European Union JEL Classification: E3, E4, F15, F21, M21, M48, O10, O11, O12 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed DOI Digital object identifier doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14706/JECOSS16611 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 1986 – 8502, HB Economic Theory https://eprints.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5ad6573cbdd358e4b243ba55acb44e40.docx 56129c698052f247c854d0d5ba6226ed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3621 Title A name given to the resource Pravo preče kupovine kod suvlasništva na nekretninama u pravu Bosne i Hercegovine Author Author Oruč, Esad Abstract A summary of the resource. Sažetak: U radu je obrađen institut prava preče kupovine kao sadržajni element suvlasništva sa posebnim akcentom na suvlasničke zajednice na nekrentinama u pravu BiH. S tim u vezi, razmatrana su osnovna pitanja ovog instituta kao: pitanje pravne prirode prava preče kupovine, njegovog sadržaja, sudske zaštite usljed povrede istog, kao i pitanje da li i u kojoj mjeri pravo preče kupovine predstavlja ograničenje prava vlasništva? Kroz analizu zakonskih tekstova, ukazano je i na različitosti, odnosno specifičnosti u regulaciji pojedinih pitanja prava preče kupovine suvlasnika na nekretninama u entitetima, odnosno Brčko distriktu BiH. Pored navednog, ukazano je na određene propuste u regulaciji prava preče kupovine, te su predložena adekvatna zakonska rješenja. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Social Sciences Research Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed K Law (General) https://eprints.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a560ee8310efc6334f408293b23ace36.pdf 996648b53ae1546939adc6d6954c21f4 PDF Text Text YABANCILARA TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE DEVRİK CÜMLE KULLANIMININ İŞLEVSELLİĞİ Samira Osmanbegović-Bakšić Seyran Akay Özet Yabancılara Türkçe öğretiminin tarihi çok eski yıllara dayanmaktadır ve bu alanda kullanılan kaynaklar günümüze kadar varlığını devam ettirmiştir. İletişimin hızla yayılmasıyla birlikte ilişkilerin hız kazandığı şu dönemde ana dilin haricinde diğer dillerin öğrenilmesi de zaruri hale gelmektedir. Bu da yabancı dil öğretiminin ehemmiyetini öne çıkarmaktadır. Bu çalışmada yabancılara Türkçe öğretiminde kullanılan yöntemler belirlendikten sonra dil bilgisi öğretiminde uygulanan devrik cümle kullanımın dil öğretimine olumlu ve olumsuz yönleri ele alınmıştır. Türk dilinin geleneksel yapısına baktığımızda devrik cümle konusuna fazla değinilmediğini görmekteyiz. Yabancılara Türkçe öğretiminde de devrik cümlenin üzerinde fazla durulmamaktadır. Çalışma, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden tarama modeli kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmada yabancılara Türkçe öğretiminde ders kitabı olarak kullanılan “Yeni Hitit 2 Ders ve Çalışma” kitapları taranarak örnek metinlerde geçen devrik cümleler tespit edilmiştir. Buna bağlı olarak devrik cümlenin yabancılara Türkçe öğretimindeki işlevselliği ve gerekliliği üzerinde tespitlerde bulunulacaktır. Sonuç olarak incelediğimiz Yeni Hitit 2 Ders ve Çalışma kitaplarında 142 devrik cümle bulunmaktadır. Bu devrik cümleler genellikle cümledeki anlamı öne çıkarmak ve güçlendirmek maksadıyla kullanılmıştır. Daha çok okuma metinlerindeki devrik cümleler diyaloglarda ve konuşmalarda görülmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yabancılara Türkçe Öğretimi, Cümle Çeşitleri, Devrik Cümle 1. GİRİŞ Bilindiği üzere dilin günümüze değin birçok araştırmacı tarafından farklı bakış açılarıyla yüzlerce tanımı yapılmıştır. En genel ifadesiyle dil, canlıların iletişim kurmak için kullandıkları bir vasıtadır. İnsanlar arasında anlaşmayı sağlayan tabiî bir vasıta olarak belirlenen dil kendi kanunları içinde yaşayan ve gelişen canlı bir varlıktır. Onun görevi milleti birleştirmek, korumaktır. “Onun ortak malı olan sosyal bir müessese; seslerden �örülmüş muazzam bir yapı; temeli bilinmeyen zamanlarda atılmış bir gizli antlaşmalar ve sözleşmeler sistemidir”(Ergin, 2005:13). Bir bildirim aracı olan dil doğadaki bazı hayvan türlerinin ve insanların toplu olarak yaşayabilmeleri, öncelikle aralarındaki karşılıklı haberleşme veya anlaşmayı sağlayacak bir bildirişim aracına sahip olmaları ile mümkündür (Korkmaz, 2009). Başka bir deyişle: Dil en yalın tanımı ile insanlar arasında iletişim ve bildirim aracıdır. İnsanoğlunu öteki varlıklardan ayıran en belirgin vasıflardan biri olan dil, canlı ve manevi bir değer taşır. Bu değeri taşıyan ise bir dili konuşanların aralarındaki anlaşmayı ve düşünce iletimini kurmayı sağlamak üzere küçük ses birimlerine dayalı olarak oluşturulan kelime ve şekiller bütünlüğüdür; yani seslerden örülmüş bir sistemli işaretler birliğidir (Parlatır, 2010). Yabancılara Türkçe öğretiminin tarihi konusunda net bir bilgi bulunmazken bu konuyla ilgili kaynakların tarihi onuncu yüzyıla kadar dayanmaktadır. Türklerin yaşadığı (Torun, 2005)topraklarda ilişki kurdukları millet ya da devletlerle ticari, ekonomik ve sosyal nedenler sebebiyle yabancı dil öğrendikleri ve Türkçeyi yabancılara öğretme gayreti içerisine girdikleri bilgisi kaynaklarda yer almaktadır. İki dilli sözlüklerin varlığı buna delil olarak gösterilebilir. X.yy’dan itibaren başlayan yabancılara Türkçe öğretimi geliştirilerek ve daha geniş coğrafyaları içine alarak günümüze kadar gelmiştir. İçinde bulunduğumuz 21.yy’da iletişimin dünya çapına yayılmasıyla birlikte Türkçenin öğretimi konusuna oldukça önem verilmektedir. Bu konuyla ilgili, yurt içi ve yurt dışında gerek Türkiye Cumhuriyetinin gerekse bireysel girişimcilerin kurduğu Türkçe öğretim merkezleri bulunmaktadır ve bu merkezlerin sayısı azımsanamayacak kadar fazladır. Yabancılara Türkçe ögretimi son yıllarda önem kazanan bir alan olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Yaşanan teknolojik ve siyasi gelişmeler, küreselleşme, Türkiye'nin ekonomik olarak güçlenmesi, egitimde kaliteyi yükseltmesi bu alanı daha da önemli hâle getirmiştir. Türkiye yabancılar tarafından ilgi çeken ve prestij sahibi bir ülke konumuna ulaşmıştır. Bu bağlamda Türkçenin yabancı dil olarak öğretimi, dogru yöntemlerle, etkili bir şekilde yürütülmesi elzem hâle gelmiştir. Akademisyenlerin �çalışmalarıyla yabancılara Türkçe öğretimi sahasındaki boşluklari doldurması, ögretmenlerin süreci daha iyi yönetebilmesi ve ögretim faaliyetlerini daha iyi gerçekleştirebilmeleri adina zorunluluk hâline gelmiştir. Günümüzde Türkiye’nin coğrafi konumu sebebiyle taşıdığı jeopolitik önemi, ekonomik bakımdan umut vaat eden ülkelerden biri olması, dış ticaret hacminin gittikçe gelişmesi, eğitim için Türkiye’ye gelen yabancıların sayısındaki artış ve çok hızlı büyüyen bir pazar olması gibi sebeplerle Türkçe öğrenmeye yönelik talepler artmaktadır (Hamaratlı, 2015: 1). Konuşma dilinde olağan karşılanıp çok sık kullanılan devrik cümle, yazı dilinde de son zamanlarda belli bir kullanım sıklığına ulaşmıştır. Buna rağmen, devrik cümlenin Türkçenin genel yapısı içindeki yeri belirgin değildir. Dolayısıyla bu konudaki tartışmalar sürdürülmektedir (İnan, 2008: 2). Devrik cümlenin konuşma diliyle sınırlandırılması konuşma dili ve yazı dili arasındaki farkı incelemeyi gerektirir. Her dilde konuşma dili ile yazı dili olmak üzere iki farklı kullanım vardır. Konuşma dili, günlük hayatta, karşılıklı konuşmalarda bireylerin birbirleriyle iletişim halindeyken kullandıkları, tamamen sese dayanan dildir. Bu durum, konuşma diline doğallık kazandırır. Yazı dili ise, konuşulan dilin işaretlerle yani yazıyla ifade edilmesidir (İnan, 2008: 23). Yabancılara Türkçe öğretimi son yıllarda önemini artırmış ve bu konuyla ilgili birçok çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Konumuza dâhil olan dilbilimi konusu olarak kaynaklarda geçen sözdiziminde varlığı tartışma konusu olan devrik cümlelerin sözdizimindeki yerini tespit etmek için Türkçede devrik cümlenin varlığı da inceleme konusu olmuştur. Bizim çalışmamızda yabancılara Türkçe öğretiminde devrik cümlelerin işlevselliği ele alınmıştır. 1.1 CÜMLE İnsanların duygularını, düşüncelerini, olayları herhangi bir yargı bildirerek kelime gruplarıyla anlatılmasına cümle denir. Muharrem Ergin’e göre cümle; bir fikri, bir duyguyu, bir düşünceyi, bir olayı tam olarak bir hüküm halinde ifade eden kelime grubudur. Kaya Bilgegil: “ iki unsur arasındaki olumlu veya olumsuz ilgiyi sözü dinleyende soruya yer bırakmayacak şekilde tam olarak haber veya dilek (inşa) yoluyla ifade eden kelimeler dizisine cümle denir (Ergin,2005:373). �Leyla Karahan: “ Bir duyguyu, bir düşünceyi, bir durumu, bir olayı yargı bildirerek anlatan kelime veya kelime dizisine cümle denir (Karahan,2009:9). Cümle, tek ya da daha fazla kelimelerden oluşan yargı bildirmeye yarayan dil birimidir. Bir cümle yargı bildiren tek kelimeden, oluşabildiği gibi, görev ve anlam ilgisiyle bir araya gelmiş birden fazla kelimeden de oluşabilir (Parlatır ve Şahin: 90). 1.1. CÜMLE ÇEŞİTLERİ Cümleler esas olarak yapı bakımından çeşitlilik gösterir ve yapıya bakarak cümleler sınıflandırılır. Ögelerinin dizilişine göre de cümleleri isimlendiririz. Bunun yanında cümlenin temel ögesi olan yüklemin bildirdiği olumlu, olumsuz, soru, olumsuz soru şekillerine göre de cümleler ayrılabilir. Genel olarak ele aldığımızda cümle çeşitleri şu şekilde görülür: a) Yapılarına Göre Cümleler b) Yüklemin Türüne göre cümleler c) Anlamlarına Göre Cümleler d) Ögelerin Dizilişine Göre Cümleler Yapılan bu çalışmada yabancılara Türkçe öğretimi, Yeni Hitit Ders ve Çalışma 2 kitabında bulunan okuma metinlerinde ögelerin dizilişine göre cümleler içerisinde yer alan ‘Devrik Cümleler’ ele alınmaktadır. 1.1.1. Ögelerin Dizilişine Göre Cümleler a) Kurallı (Düz) cümleler Türkçenin genel cümle yapısı Ö+T+Y şeklindedir. Yüklemi cümle sonunda bulunan bu tür cümleler, yüklemin yerine göre kurallı cümledir. Kaynaklarda kurallı cümle tanımı da yüklemi cümle sonunda olan cümle doğruştasındadır, bu konuda kaynaklarda farklı bir tanımla karşılaşılmamaktadır, ancak terim konusunda bazı kaynaklarda kurallı cümle yerine düz cümle olarak adlandırılmıştır. �Leyla Karahan kurallı cümle için “Türkçede Söz Dizimi” adlı kitabında şöyle bahsetmiştir. Yüklemi sonda bulunan cümleler, kurallı (düz) cümlelerdir. Cümlenin ana ögesi olan yüklem, genellikle cümlenin sonunda olur. Yardımcı ögeden ana ögeye doğru diziliş, Türk cümle yapısının temel özelliğidir. Yüklemi tamamlayan ögeler yüklemden önce gelir. Yükleme en yakın öge, genellikle belirtilmek istenen ögedir. Onları yaşatamadığımız için eski bayramlar yaşamıyor (YHTDK 2: 128). Soğuk kışın, bulutlu, yağmurlu havaların ardından gelen bahar mevsimi, doğaya ve insanlara canlılık katar (YHTDK 2: 130). Bir zamanlar köylerimizden, kasabalarımızdan kalkıp şehirlere geldik. Çocukluğumuza ait anılarımızda ağaçlar, tarlalar, leylekler, dereler ve renklerin gerçek halleri var (YHTDK 2: 94). a) Devrik Cümleler Türkçenin dil yapısında yüklemi sonda olmayan cümlelere devrik cümle denir. Yüklemin sonda bulunması kuralı bazen çeşitli sebeplerle bozulabilir. Işte, yüklemi, özne veya diğer ögelerden önce gelen, yani yüklemi sonda bulunmayan cümleye devrik cümle denir. Leyla Karahan'a (2009) göre devrik cümlenin tanımı şöyle: ''Yüklemi sonda bulunmayan cümleler, devrik cümlelerdir. Bir anlamı öne çıkarma, belirtme, vurgulama ihtiyacı, özellikle şiirde ahenk endişesi diğer ögelerin olduğu gibi yüklemin de yerini değiştirebilmektedir. Devrik cümleler, sözlü dilde yazılı dile oranla daha fazla kullanılmıştır. Şiir dilinde de devrik cümle çok görülür. Bir türkü söylüyorum güzelim gözlerine. Kanıyor içerimde gizli bir yara. Hasretin büyüyor yüreğimde çaresiz. Resmini çiziyorum kâğıtlara. YBB Kaynaklarda devrik cümlenin daha çok günlük konuşmalarda, şiirlerde, atasözü ve deyimlerde, gelişigüzel konuşmalarda, yazınsal yapıtlarda, sohbet üslubunun hâkim olduğu eserlerde kullanıldığı vurgulanmaktadır (Karahan, 2009: 100; Banguoğlu, 1990: 534; Eker, 2013: 371; Gencan, 2001: 139; ). �Devrik cümleye daha çok şiir dilinde rastlandığı ifade edilmektedir. Devrik cümlenin şiirde kullanılması çok şaşılacak bir şey değildir, çünkü şiir dilinde ölçü, uyak, ahenk gibi birtakım estetik kaygılarla devrik cümleye sıkça rastlanmaktadır. Burada şu soru akla geliyor, düzyazıda devrik cümle niçin kullanılır? Düzyazıda genel olarak söyleyişi güzelleştirmek, anlamı güçlendirmek, anlatımı daha canlı bir hale getirmek, devrik cümlenin vurguya, duygusal durumları anlatmak, duygu değerini yükseltmek, anlatıma dokunaklı bir hava kazandırmak gibi nedenlerden dolayı devrik cümle kullanılmaktadır (Yeter, 2005; 67). Yani... Pazartesi sendromu yaşamamak için siz de kırın bir minik pencere, açın kendinize bir hava deliği. Çekin içinize hayatın tatlı rüzgârını deli gibi. Sağlık olsun da istifa etmeyelim hayattan (YHDK 2: 10). Bir gün çoban ormandayken hakikaten bir keçi tanrı görmüş, elindeki flütü ve yanındaki melekleriyle beraber. Göl kenarına gitmiş ve bu defa da denizkızı görmüş aynen anlattığı gibi (YHDK 2: 37). Çoğu araştırmaya göre modanın kökeni, insanlığın ortaya çıkışına dayanıyor ve o zamanlardan beri moda, toplumların ayrılmaz bir parçası (YHDK 2: 43). Ya erkek dünyasında başarılı kadın olmak? Bunca yıldan sonra bile kadınları ıiyi, yüksek konumlara yakıştırmıyor bazı insanlar (YHDK 2: 61). “Cevap bulabildiniz mi?” diye sorarsanız, “Bulduk,” diyemem ama bazı sonuçlar çıkardık elbette(YHDK 2: 67). Memurların, profesörlerin, ileri gelenlerin yanı sıra kılıklarına çeki düzen vermeye çalışmış sarhoşlar, sokak serserileri ve bin bir çeşit insan bir arada uğurladılar Neyzen’i (YHDK 2: 39). 1.2. Araştırmanın Amacı �Bu çalışmada yabancılara Türkçe öğretim kitaplarında yer alan devrik cümleler tespit edilerek bu cümlelerin okuma metinlerinde ne sıklıkla kullanıldığını belirlenerek amaçlanmıştır. 1.3. Problem Durumu Yabancılara Türkçe öğretim yöntemleri son yıllarda sıkça incelenen konular arasında yer almaktadır. Türkçenin geniş bir alanda kullanılması ve son zamanlarda Türkçeye olan ilginin artması Türkçe öğretimini daha da önemli hale getirmektedir. Artan bu ilginin neticesinde Türkçe öğretim kitapları ve buna paralel olarak Türkçe öğretim yöntem ve teknikleri geliştirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada yabancılara Türkçe öğretimi kitaplarında devrik cümle kullanımının Türkçe öğrenmeye olumlu ya da olumsuz etkileri incelenecektir. Bu bağlamda yapılan araştırmalar sonucunda YDÖ’de devrik cümleler kullanılmasına rağmen bu konuyla ilgili her hangi bir çalışmaya rastlanmamaktadır. Kısacası bu çalışmada devrik cümle kullanımı YDÖ’ne etkisi ve hangi sıklıkla devrik cümle kullanımı belirlenmiştir. 2. YÖNTEM 2.1. Araştırmanın Yöntemi Yabancılara Türkçe öğretiminde devrik cümle kullanımının incelendiği bu çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Tarama modeli: İstatistiki sonuç elde etmede kullanılan belge, kitap vs… gibi kaynakların derinlemesine incelenmesinde kullanılan veri toplama modelidir. 2.2. Araştırmanın Önemi Yabancılara Türkçe Öğretiminde ne sıklıkla devrik cümle kullanıldığını tespit etmek Türkçe öğretimine fayda sağlayacaktır. Devrik cümle kullanımının yoğun olarak yer aldığı kitapların müfredatta yer alması ve öğrencilere ders olarak anlatılması neticesinde elde edilen verimin tespit edilmesi, Türkçe öğretimine katkı sağlayacaktır. �2.3. Varsayımlar 1. Yabancılara Türkçe öğretiminde devrik cümle kullanımı sıklıkla başvurulan yöntemdir. Türkçe öğretim kitaplarındaki okuma metinlerinde devrik cümleler yer 2. almaktadır. 3. Devrik cümleler daha çok karşılıklı diyalogların öğretiminde kullanılmaktadır. 2.4. Sınırlılıklar Bu çalışma yabancılara Türkçe öğretmek üzere hazırlanmış Yeni Hitit B1, B2 kitaplarıyla sınırlandırılmıştır. 2.5. Evren ve Örneklem Bu çalışmanın evrenini yabancılara Türkçe öğretim kitapları oluşturmaktadır. Örneklemi ise Türkçe öğretim kitaplarından olan Yeni Hitit Kitabı B1, B2, ders ve çalışma kitapları oluşturmaktadır. Şimdiye kadar yapılan çalışmalarda devrik cümlelerin yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretimi açısından el alınmadığı tespit edilmiştir. 1. ANALİZ YENİ HİTİT 2 DERS KİTABI Unite / Konuşma Yazma Okuma Dinleme Toplam Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı 0 0 195 30 225 Adı Unite 1/ İş Dünyası �Devrik Devrik Devrik Devrik Devrik 0 0 12 1 13 Konuşma Yazma Okuma Dinleme Toplam Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Şimdi 0 0 133 7 140 Spor Devrik Devrik Devrik Devrik Devrik 0 0 0 0 0 Unite / Adı Unite 2/ Zamanı Unite / Adı Konuşma Yazma Okuma Dinleme Toplam Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Hayaller 12 0 170 19 201 Gerçek Devrik Devrik Devrik Devrik Devrik Olsun 0 0 16 0 16 Konuşma Yazma Okuma Dinleme Toplam Unite 4/ Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Bu Yıl 42 0 132 22 196 Devrik Devrik Devrik Devrik Devrik 0 0 6 0 6 Unite 3/ Unite 4 / Adı Moda Ne? Konuşma Yazma Okuma Dinleme Toplam Unite 5/ Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Eğitim 32 0 168 10 210 Devrik Devrik Devrik Devrik Devrik 1 0 8 0 9 Konuşma Yazma Okuma Dinleme Toplam Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı 31 0 84 6 121 Unite 5 / Adı Şart Unite 6 / Adı Unite 6/ Estetik ve �Yaratıcılık Unite / Adı Unite 7/ Devrik Devrik Devrik Devrik Devrik 4 0 2 0 6 Konuşma Yazma Okuma Dinleme Toplam Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı 0 0 138 0 138 Devrik Devrik Devrik Devrik Devrik 0 0 6 0 6 İcatlar Mucitler Konuşma Yazma Okuma Dinleme Toplam Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı 49 0 165 11 247 Devrik Devrik Devrik Devrik Devrik 1 0 16 0 17 Konuşma Yazma Okuma Dinleme Toplam Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Sinema 14 0 88 14 116 Dünyası Devrik Devrik Devrik Devrik Devrik 0 0 13 0 13 Konuşma Yazma Okuma Dinleme Toplam Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı 0 0 126 24 150 Devrik Devrik Devrik Devrik Devrik 0 0 2 0 2 Konuşma Yazma Okuma Dinleme Toplam Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Bugün 16 5 105 35 161 Bayram Devrik Devrik Devrik Devrik Devrik Unite 8 / Adı Unite 8 Tabiat Ana Unite 9 Adı Unite 9 / Unite 10 / Adı Unite İster 10 İnan İster İnanma Unite 11 / Adı Unite 11 �0 Unite 12 / 0 4 0 4 Konuşma Yazma Okuma Dinleme Toplam Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı Kurallı 0 0 216 3 0 Devrik Devrik Devrik Devrik Devrik 0 0 29 0 0 Adı Unite İnsana Dair 12 Hitit 2- Ders Kitabı 5% 00 95% Kurallı Cümle Devrik Cümle Tablo 1 : Hitit 2 – Ders kitabındaki kurallı ve devrik cümle dağılımı HİTİT 2- Çalışma Kitabı 3%0 0 97% Kurallı Cümle Devrik Cümle �Tablo 2 : Hitit 2 – Çalışma kitabındaki kurallı ve devrik cümle dağılımı 5 SONUÇ a) İncelediğimiz Yeni Hitit 2 Ders ve Çalışma kitabında toplamda 142 devrik cümle görülmektedir. b) Araştırmalardan elde ettiğimiz bilgilerden yola çıkarak incelediğimiz Yeni Hitit 2 çalışma ve ders kitaplarındaki okuma ve okuma-anlama metinlerinde 142 devrik cümlelere rastlanmaktadır. YH 2 Ders kitabındaki metinlerde, Çalışma kitabına oranla devrik cümlelere daha fazla rastlanmaktadır. Devrik cümleler, diyaloglarda ve köşe yazılarından uyarlanmış metinlerde sıklıkla karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bunun en önemli sebebi ise metinlerde günlük konuşma dilinin kullanılmış olmasıdır. c) Avrupa Dilleri Öğretimi Ortak Çerçeve Metni’nde yer alan standartlarla karşılaştırılarak devrik cümle B1 seviyesi için uygun olmadığı görülmektedir. KAYNAKLAR BANGUOGLU,T.( 2010),Türkçe’nin Grameri, TDK Yayinlari, Ankara, s.522 BILGEGIL,M.K.( 1984),Türkçe Dil Bilgisi, Dergah Yayinlari, Ankara, , s.12 ERGİN,M.( 2005), Üniversteler için Türk Dili,Bayrak basım,İstanbul. s. 373-374-375376 EKER. S. (2013), Çağdaş Türk Dili, Grafiker Yayın, Ankara, s.345 GENCAN, T.N.( 2001), Dilbilgisi,, Ayraç Yayınevi, Birinci Baskı, Ankara, s.21-100-103 HAMARATLI. E. (2015), Yabancılara Türkçe Öğretiminde Kelime Ağı Oluşturma Yönteminin Öğrencilerin Yazma Becerisi ve Motivasyonuna Etkisi İNAN DOĞAN.G.(2008), Eski Anadolu Türkçesi Metinlerinde Devrik Cümle meselesi KARAHAN. L, (2009),Türkçede Söz Dizimi, Akçağ Yayinlari,14.Baskı, Ankara, s.9-1314-25-96 �KORKMAZ,Z.(2009), Türk Dili ve Kompozisyon,3.Baskı,Ekin Basım PARLATIR. İ, ŞAHİN. H,(2010), Türk Dili, Ekin yayın, Bursa, s.90- 96 -98-105 TORUN. Y.(2005), Nurullah Ataç’ın Denemelerinde Devrik Yapılar � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3602 Title A name given to the resource YABANCILARA TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE DEVRİK CÜMLE KULLANIMININ İŞLEVSELLİĞİ Author Author Osmanbegovic-Baksic, Samira Akay, Seyran Abstract A summary of the resource. Özet Yabancılara Türkçe öğretiminin tarihi çok eski yıllara dayanmaktadır ve bu alanda kullanılan kaynaklar günümüze kadar varlığını devam ettirmiştir. İletişimin hızla yayılmasıyla birlikte ilişkilerin hız kazandığı şu dönemde ana dilin haricinde diğer dillerin öğrenilmesi de zaruri hale gelmektedir. Bu da yabancı dil öğretiminin ehemmiyetini öne çıkarmaktadır. Bu çalışmada yabancılara Türkçe öğretiminde kullanılan yöntemler belirlendikten sonra dil bilgisi öğretiminde uygulanan devrik cümle kullanımın dil öğretimine olumlu ve olumsuz yönleri ele alınmıştır. Türk dilinin geleneksel yapısına baktığımızda devrik cümle konusuna fazla değinilmediğini görmekteyiz. Yabancılara Türkçe öğretiminde de devrik cümlenin üzerinde fazla durulmamaktadır. Çalışma, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden tarama modeli kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmada yabancılara Türkçe öğretiminde ders kitabı olarak kullanılan “Yeni Hitit 2 Ders ve Çalışma” kitapları taranarak örnek metinlerde geçen devrik cümleler tespit edilmiştir. Buna bağlı olarak devrik cümlenin yabancılara Türkçe öğretimindeki işlevselliği ve gerekliliği üzerinde tespitlerde bulunulacaktır. Sonuç olarak incelediğimiz Yeni Hitit 2 Ders ve Çalışma kitaplarında 142 devrik cümle bulunmaktadır. Bu devrik cümleler genellikle cümledeki anlamı öne çıkarmak ve güçlendirmek maksadıyla kullanılmıştır. Daha çok okuma metinlerindeki devrik cümleler diyaloglarda ve konuşmalarda görülmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yabancılara Türkçe Öğretimi, Cümle Çeşitleri, Devrik Cümle Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PI Oriental languages and literatures Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3417 Title A name given to the resource AWARENESS OF MULTICULTURALISM AND TEACHERS` PERSPECTIVES ON CULTURAL DIVERSITY AT SCHOOLS Author Author Ozalli Can, Emine Akbarov, Azamat Abstract A summary of the resource. There are a lot of countries played host to the immigrants and there are a lot of international schools all over the world that derives multicultural education.Today’s multicultural education classrooms are becoming more and more diverse with both students from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds. This article will describe cultural diversity with the aspect of multiculturalism and answer the following questions with specific examples from Bosna Sema Educational Institution`s schools.Why do We need to Address diversity in education? Are teachers awareness of multicultural issues in education? And how do teachers become culturally responsive in a multicultual education environment? Keywords: Multiculturalism, cultural diversity, awareness, international schools Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English